{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T20:37:38Z","timestamp":1793479058042,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the clinical presentation and outcome of dogs with acute liver failure (ALF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series from January 1995 to December 2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University teaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010nine dogs were diagnosed with ALF defined as the acute onset of clinical signs accompanied by serum hyperbilirubinemia and coagulopathy (prothrombin time &gt;1.5 times the upper limit of the reference interval) with or without signs of hepatic encephalopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical records were retrospectively analyzed for clinical presentation, history, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic data, diagnostic imaging findings, hepatic histopathology, treatment, and outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presenting signs included anorexia (28\/49, 57%), vomiting (25\/49, 51%), neurologic abnormalities (17\/49, 35%), and polydipsia\/polyuria (10\/49, 20%). Neurologic impairment compatible with hepatic encephalopathy occurred at some point during hospitalization in 28\/49 (57%) of dogs. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities on presentation other than hyperbilirubinemia and increased serum liver enzyme activity included thrombocytopenia (25\/49, 51%), hypoalbuminemia (23\/49, 46%), leukocytosis (17\/49, 34%), anemia (14\/49, 29%), hypokalemia (13\/49, 27%), and hypoglycemia (10\/49, 20%). The causes of ALF included neoplasia (13\/49, 27%), presumptive leptosporosis (4\/49, 8%), and ischemia (1\/49, 2%). The remaining cases were idiopathic although 15 of these dogs had exposure to possible hepatotoxins. Common lesions in the 35\/49 (71%) dogs that had hepatic histopathology were necrosis (19\/39, 48%), lipidosis (16\/39, 41%), vacuolar change (7\/49, 14%), and inflammation (4\/49, 8%). Complications included ascites (20\/49, 41%), bleeding tendencies (14\/49, 29%), pancreatitis (12\/49, 24%), and acute tubular necrosis (11\/49, 22%). Seven (14%) dogs survived to discharge. Survivors had higher alanine aminotransferase activity, and were more likely to maintain normal albumin concentrations and not develop clinical bleeding or ascites during hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canine ALF is associated with multiple etiologies and a high mortality rate. Strategies to increase survival are urgently required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,4]],"date-time":"2016-05-04T21:33:46Z","timestamp":1462397626000},"page":"559-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Retrospective evaluation of acute liver failure in dogs (1995\u20132012): 49 cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Carrie","family":"Lester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University Grafton MA 01536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University Grafton MA 01536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University Grafton MA 01536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia R. 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