{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:48:27Z","timestamp":1780526907473,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical presentation, advanced imaging findings, and short\u2010 and long\u2010term outcomes in dogs with intracranial empyema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Client\u2010owned dogs diagnosed with intracranial empyema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records from 2 referral hospitals were searched for dogs diagnosed with intracranial empyema. To be included in this study, dogs had to fulfill 1 or more of the following 3 inclusion criteria: a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with space occupying accumulation of extra\u2010axial material suggestive of empyema, a cerebrospinal fluid analysis suggestive of empyema, or direct visualization of purulent material during intracranial surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine dogs with intracranial empyema were included, with a median age of 3.5 years (range: 4 mo\u201312.5 y). All presented as emergencies with 7 of the 9 dogs showing neurological abnormalities and 2 of the 9 with retrobulbar swelling and exophthalmos. Six had surgical intervention, 1 was medically managed, and the remaining 2 dogs were euthanized. Typical MRI findings included extra\u2010axial, T1\u2010weighted hypo\u2010 to isointense, T2\u2010weighted hyperintense material compared to gray matter with varying degrees of contrast enhancement, with 6 of 8 showing evidence of contiguous infection from adjacent structures on MRI. For 7 dogs, \u22651 samples were sent for culture and sensitivity, with<jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>(surgical swab),<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumonia<\/jats:italic>(from cerebral spinal fluid), and coagulase positive<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>(ear swab) being cultured. The median antimicrobial course length was 6 weeks (range: 2\u201328 wk). All dogs for which treatment was attempted survived to discharge, with a median hospitalization time of 7 days (range: 4\u201310\u00a0d). Four of the 7 are still alive at the time of writing (1 lost to follow\u2010up; 2 euthanized for other reasons) with all 4 considered neurologically normal with a successful long\u2010term outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although intracranial empyema in dogs is a rare condition, excellent outcomes are possible in those cases treated appropriately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T07:44:02Z","timestamp":1561016642000},"page":"431-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Retrospective evaluation of the clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and outcome of dogs diagnosed with intracranial empyema (2008\u20132015): 9 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