{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:32:20Z","timestamp":1791639140582,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether basal\u2010bolus administration of glargine insulin is a safe and effective alternative treatment compared to the standard continuous rate infusion (CRI) protocol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective randomized clinical trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>University teaching hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cats were block\u2010randomized to either a CRI protocol using regular insulin (CRI\u2010group; n\u00a0=\u00a010) or a basal\u2010bolus SC and IM glargine protocol (glargine\u2010group, n\u00a0=\u00a010). Baseline blood gases, electrolytes, glucose, and \u03b2\u2010hydroxybutyrate (\u03b2\u2010OHB) concentrations were measured at the time of admission and later at predefined intervals until reaching the primary endpoint of the study, defined as a \u03b2\u2010hydroxybutyrate concentration\u00a0&lt;\u00a02.55\u00a0mmol\/L.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements and main results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main outcome measure was time (h) to resolution of ketonemia. Secondary outcome measures were time until first improvement of hyperglycemia and ketonemia, decrease of glucose to \u226413.9\u00a0mmol\/L (250\u00a0mg\/dL), resolution of acidosis, consumption of first meal, and discharge from hospital. Additionally, occurrence of treatment\u2010associated adverse events and death were compared. Seventeen cats (85%) survived to discharge, with no difference in survival between groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.0). Median times to \u03b2\u2010OHB\u00a0&lt;\u00a02.55\u00a0mmol\/L were 42 (CRI\u2010group) and 30 (glargine\u2010group) hours, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.114). Median times to first improvement of hyperglycemia (glargine\u2010group: 2 h; CRI\u2010group: 6 h;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.018) and until discharge from hospital (glargine\u2010group: 140 h; CRI\u2010group: 174 h;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.033) were significantly shorter in the glargine\u2010group. No significant differences were observed in any other parameter under investigation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Basal\u2010bolus administration of glargine insulin appears to be an effective and safe alternative to the current standard CRI\u2010protocol for the management of DKA in cats. The positive outcomes and simplicity make it a viable option for the treatment of feline DKA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T13:28:07Z","timestamp":1620134887000},"page":"459-468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Glargine versus regular insulin protocol in feline diabetic ketoacidosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5944-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian K.","family":"Zeugswetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Small Animals of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Luckschander\u2010Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Small Animals of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Karlovits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Small Animals of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaquie S.","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science The University of Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.02.188","article-title":"Diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in cats: 42 cases (1980\u20101995)","volume":"211","author":"Bruskiewics KA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of continuous rate infusion of regular insulin intravenously for management of feline diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"56","author":"Bollinger PN","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18761696"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0201.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15571880"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14523187"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.9.1597"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-003-0105-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01654.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.214992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","article-title":"Subcutaneous rapid acting insulin analogues for diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"21","author":"Andrade\u2010Castellanos CA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12701"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1954.sp005133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Staging chronic kidney disease","author":"Elliott J","year":"2007","journal-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Nephrology and Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"143","article-title":"Validation of the portable blood glucose meter FreeStyle Freedom for the use in cats","volume":"94","author":"Zeugswetter F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Med Austria"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"Die feline diabetische ketoacidose. 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