{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T21:56:33Z","timestamp":1781560593547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Timely application of hemorrhage control interventions is lifesaving. Any amount of blood loss may be detrimental and, therefore, trauma\u2010induced hemorrhage must be addressed immediately and aggressively. Early and prompt hemorrhage control is one of the main priorities of treating hemorrhagic shock. Trauma\u2010induced hemorrhage remains a leading cause of preventable death. A vast majority of bleeding wounds encountered are not initially life\u2010threatening but become life\u2010threatening with delay in appropriate hemorrhage control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Description<\/jats:title><jats:p>Appropriate immediate hemorrhage control interventions for the exsanguinating small animal include direct pressure, wound packing, hemostatic dressings, pressure bandage, and, possibly, tourniquet application. Although tourniquet application is a lifesaving intervention in people experiencing extremity hemorrhage, it has not been shown to be a necessary intervention for small animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this companion article is to briefly describe the basic methods for achieving immediate hemorrhage control in small animals in a prehospital or life\u2010threatening situation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Points<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Common sources of trauma\u2010induced massive hemorrhage include injury to a major artery or other large vessel (eg, external jugular), a highly vascular organ(s) (liver and spleen), or from a combination thereof.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Blood loss from a major arterial source (ie, femoral or carotid artery) may rapidly lead to exsanguination and death in as little as 3\u20135 min.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Placing a circumferential compressive bandage that is too tight or restrictive around the neck, thorax, or abdomen may occlude the patient's airway, restrict chest expansion, or prevent adequate respiration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Noncircumferential bandages often do not generate sufficient enough pressure to abate arterial hemorrhage, particularly when systolic arterial blood pressure is restored postfluid resuscitation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Definitive hemostasis for massive internal hemorrhage is best achieved through early surgical intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Direct pressure remains the most effective \u201cmedical\u201d intervention for initial hemorrhage control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>When feasible, elevate and splint (immobilize) any bleeding extremity or body part as an adjunctive aid for hemorrhage control when used in conjunction with other methods of control, especially direct pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T12:10:42Z","timestamp":1642594242000},"page":"32-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Hemorrhage control\u2014Proper application of direct pressure, pressure dressings, and tourniquets for controlling acute life\u2010threatening hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3849-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn  Alabama 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