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It can be due\u00a0to changes in vascular permeability, hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vasculature,\u00a0or a combination thereof.\u00a0Possible\u00a0causes\u00a0include inflammatory states within the lung or in remote tissues (acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]), airway obstruction (post\u2010obstructive pulmonary edema), neurologic disease such as head\u00a0trauma\u00a0or seizures (neurogenic pulmonary edema), electrocution,\u00a0after re\u2010expansion of a collapsed lung or\u00a0after drowning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Diagnosis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosis of NCPE is generally based on history, physical examination, and diagnostic imaging. Radiographic findings suggestive of NCPE are interstitial to alveolar pulmonary opacities in the absence of signs of left\u2010sided congestive heart failure or fluid overload such as cardiomegaly or congested pulmonary veins. Computed tomography and edema fluid analysis may aid in the diagnosis, while some forms of NCPE require additional findings to reach a diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Therapy<\/jats:title><jats:p>The goal of therapy for all types of NCPE is to preserve tissue oxygenation and reduce the work of breathing. This may be achieved by removing the inciting cause (eg, airway obstruction) and cage rest in mild cases and supplemental oxygen in moderate cases and may require mechanical ventilation in severe cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Prognosis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prognosis is generally good for most causes of veterinary NCPE except for ARDS, although data are scarce for some etiologies of NCPE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T13:35:05Z","timestamp":1677159305000},"page":"156-172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in small animals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Washington State University Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Capillary fluid filtration. 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