{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:55:33Z","timestamp":1785884133084,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the measurement of axillary temperature (AT) with rectal temperature (RT) in dogs and cats and to identify the influence of physical parameters on the difference between their measurement using a veterinary\u2010specific thermometer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective study\u00a0(2022\u20132024).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>University teaching hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 106 dogs and\u00a0101 cats aged \u22654\u00a0months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Body temperatures were measured contemporaneously using a veterinary\u2010specific, calibrated, dual\u2010thermistor axillary thermometer (AT) and a calibrated medical thermometer (RT). Data were evaluated for bias as a whole set and after stratification based on various physical parameters (species, body weight, haircoat length, body condition score [BCS]). A machine learning (ML) model was subsequently applied, and bias was reevaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A Bland\u2013Altman analysis comparing the measurement of AT with RT showed a bias of 1.01\u00b0C (1.82\u00b0F) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) \u22120.66\u00b0C to 2.68\u00b0C (\u22121.19\u00b0F to 4.83\u00b0F) in dogs and a bias of 0.23\u00b0C (0.42\u00b0F) and 95% LOA of \u22122.61\u00b0C to 3.08\u00b0C (\u22124.71\u00b0F to 5.55\u00b0F) in cats. Animals weighing &lt;10\u00a0kg had a bias of 0.33\u00b0C (95% LOA: \u22122.29\u00b0C to 2.96\u00b0C), animals with BCS &lt;5 had a bias of 0.09\u00b0C (95% LOA: \u22122.92\u00b0C to 3.11\u00b0C), and those with shorter haircoats had a bias of 0.49\u00b0C (95% LOA: \u22122.03\u00b0C to 3.00\u00b0C). The ML model overestimated RT when using AT and physical parameters in its algorithm (dogs: \u22120.57\u00b0C [95% LOA: \u22122.18\u00b0C to 0.99\u00b0C]; cats \u22120.84\u00b0C [95% LOA: \u22122.62\u00b0C to 0.93\u00b0C]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animals weighing &lt;10\u00a0kg, with lower BCS, and shorter haircoats had less bias when AT was compared with RT. Cats exhibited a lower bias between AT and RT than dogs. ML models can be programmed to account for various physical characteristics, improving the predictive impact of AT for directly measured RT, especially in categories of animals where closer prediction does not already exist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.70020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:16:43Z","timestamp":1756487803000},"page":"361-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations Among Various Physical Parameters and the Axillary\u2010to\u2010Rectal Temperature Difference in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4867-4252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Martinez Alvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britt A. L.","family":"Thevelein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie M.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy N.","family":"Weitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comp Sci Services  Washington, DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0087-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amie","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Brainard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10070475"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"Comparison Between Auricular and Standard Rectal Thermometers for the Measurement of Body Temperature in Dogs","volume":"52","author":"Sousa M. G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v9i4.4"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"939","article-title":"Comparison Between Core Temperatures Measured Telemetrically Using the CorTemp\u00ae Ingestible Temperature Sensor and Rectal Temperature in Healthy Labrador Retrievers","volume":"55","author":"Osinchuk S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.12.1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2020.100120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17415349.2017.1377133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP160034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14567550"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04063-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6500"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.7.632"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101806"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.251.5.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.10.1170"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vec.70020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T04:51:23Z","timestamp":1759467083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vec.70020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vec.70020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vec.70020","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1479-3261","1476-4431"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1479-3261","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4431","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}