{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:38:45Z","timestamp":1791995925437,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To sonographically assess caudal vena cava (CVC) and focused cardiac ultrasound (FCU) parameters for volume depletion (VD) and intravascular volume overload (IVVO) in healthy cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty\u2010nine healthy research\u2010purposed cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The VD group received 2\u00a0mg\/kg furosemide IV every 30\u201360 min over 6 h, followed by 10\u00a0mL\/kg isotonic crystalloid or tetrastarch given over 10 min. The IVVO group did not receive furosemide and was administered 30\u00a0mL\/kg isotonic crystalloid over 10 min. Ultrasonographic images of the CVC (subxiphoid view) and heart (right parasternal short\u2010axis view) were recorded and subjectively evaluated by an operator in real time from both groups at baseline (T0), after furosemide\/6 h (T1), and after fluids (T2). CVC inspiratory (CVC\n                      <jats:sub>insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and expiratory (CVC\n                      <jats:sub>exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) diameters, CVC collapsibility index (CVC\n                      <jats:sub>CI<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), left atrium\u2010to\u2010aorta ratio (LA:Ao), and left ventricular internal diameter in systole (LVIDs) and diastole (LVIDd) were measured and subjectively graded post hoc by two blinded raters (different to the operator) for CVC parameters; one blinded rater evaluated FCU parameters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the VD group, CVC\n                      <jats:sub>insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.004), CVC\n                      <jats:sub>exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.008), LVIDs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and LVIDd (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) were smaller after administration of furosemide. In the IVVO group, CVC\n                      <jats:sub>insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02), CVC\n                      <jats:sub>exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04), LVIDs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and LVIDd (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.001) were larger after fluid administration. The LA:Ao ratio was not different in any group at any time. Intrarater and interrater reliability were moderate to poor. Subjective CVC and FCU assessments were consistent with objective measurements.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Experimentally induced VD and volume overload result in sonographically detectable changes in the CVC\n                      <jats:sub>insp<\/jats:sub>\n                      and CVC\n                      <jats:sub>exp<\/jats:sub>\n                      diameters and LVIDs and LVIDd of cats, suggesting the assessment of these parameters may have value in the clinical setting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.70029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T12:17:11Z","timestamp":1758111431000},"page":"502-513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of Volume Depletion and Intravascular Volume Overload on Ultrasonographically Derived Caudal Vena Cava Parameters in Healthy Sedated Cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Steffi M.","family":"Jalava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science \u2010 T\u0101wharau Ora Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Rosanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Agriculture, Grasslands Research Centre AgResearch Limited  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tove M.","family":"Hultman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science \u2010 T\u0101wharau Ora Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science \u2010 T\u0101wharau Ora Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0936-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren R.","family":"Boysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6629-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivayla D.","family":"Yozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science \u2010 T\u0101wharau Ora Massey University  Palmerston North New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00679-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0216-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v3.i1.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004617"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14793"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12566"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"973","article-title":"Ultrasound Measurements of the Caudal Vena Cava Before and After Blood Donation in 9 Greyhound Dogs","volume":"59","author":"Marshall K. 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