{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T20:30:39Z","timestamp":1767817839404,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the prevalence, case\u2010fatality rate, and primary disease processes associated with high corrected chloride concentration (hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]) in dogs and cats.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single\u2010center retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrical medical records were reviewed to identify dogs and cats with at least one chloride and sodium concentration measured simultaneously during a 60\u2010month period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 17,120 dogs and 4197 cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Measured hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] was diagnosed in 18.1% (3092\/17,120) dogs and 9.4% (396\/4197) cats. Corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] was diagnosed in 21.1% (3607\/17,120) dogs and 9.1% (384\/4197) cats. The case\u2010fatality rates were higher in animals with corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] than in those with normal corrected [Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). The case\u2010fatality rate was higher in dogs with measured hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] than in those with corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.011). Of the dogs and cats with corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ], a total of 50.9% (1835\/3607) dogs and 38.3% (147\/384) cats were categorized as prehospital corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ], whereas a total of 39.5% (1424\/3607) dogs and 48.7% (187\/384) cats with corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] were categorized as hospital\u2010acquired corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]. The case\u2010fatality rate of dogs and cats with hospital\u2010acquired corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] was higher than that of prehospital corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] in dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) but not in cats (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.9). Various primary disease processes, including neurologic and urologic diseases, were identified in animals with corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] was a common electrolyte abnormality identified in dogs and cats, and it was associated with higher case\u2010fatality rates than normal corrected [Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]. Hospital\u2010acquired corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] was less common but was associated with a higher case\u2010fatality rate than prehospital corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] in dogs. Further investigation of corrected hyper[Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] in association with its morbidity and mortality and the role of therapy to target normal [Cl\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ] is warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.70054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T10:10:43Z","timestamp":1763633443000},"page":"710-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Evaluation of the Prognosis and Prevalence of Hyperchloremia in Dogs and Cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Ueda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6126-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven E.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3658-5840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-018-0174-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01558-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.12.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.9904099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2012.00469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0890-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000115"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199905000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17743564"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.83.6.514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Intravenous Fluid Treatment With a Balanced Solution vs 0.9% Saline Solution on Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: The BaSICS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"326","author":"Zampieri F. 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