{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T10:47:00Z","timestamp":1783334820720,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD\u2010US) as a dynamic biomarker of intracranial hypertension (ICH) following administration of mannitol in patients with clinically suspected ICH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective observational study over 1\u00a0year. Patients were followed for 60\u00a0min beyond treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University teaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten prospectively recruited client\u2010owned dogs with clinically suspected ICH (consecutive sample) and 10 weight\u2010matched, healthy control dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bilateral transpalpebral ONSD\u2010US images were collected using a handheld ultrasound probe in dogs with clinically suspected ICH before (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and at 30\u00a0min (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>30<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and 60\u00a0min (\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>60<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) after administration of mannitol therapy (1\u00a0g\/kg IV). Measurements were collected and evaluated by three observers and compared for agreement. At each time point, a clinical examination was performed, vital parameters were recorded, and neurological scores were assigned using the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale, the Neurological Deficit Score, and the Animal Functional Capacity tools. Bilateral baseline ONSD\u2010US measurements were also collected from weight\u2010matched control dogs using the same technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Control dogs had a lower mean (\u00b1 SD) ONSD\u2010US (1.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.4\u00a0mm) than dogs with suspected ICH at baseline (2.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.006) on a paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test. Among dogs with suspected ICH, compared using a one\u2010way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test, ONSD\u2010US was decreased from baseline (2.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0mm) at\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>30<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.005) and\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>60<\/jats:sub>\n                      (1.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5\u00a0mm;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.003). There was no difference between\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>30<\/jats:sub>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>60<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.17). Interrater and intrarater reliability were excellent (ICC &gt;0.90). Physiological parameters and neurological scores did not change among the time points assessed, while the Neurological Deficit Score decreased over time (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04;\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.51).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ONSD\u2010US decreases over time with hyperosmolar therapy and may be a useful noninvasive, dynamic biomarker to identify and monitor ICH and response to therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  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