{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:46:12Z","timestamp":1792053972287,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Vet Emergen Crit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe traditional and semiquantitative acid\u2013base analyses of dogs with gastric dilatation\u2013volvulus (GDV) presenting to an emergency department.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University teaching hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred client\u2010owned dogs with a diagnosis of GDV between 2003 and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs were included if a diagnosis of GDV was confirmed by abdominal radiographs or surgical visualization, and measurement of venous blood gas, electrolyte, and plasma lactate concentration was performed within 1\u00a0h of presentation. Traditional acid\u2013base analysis was normal in 37% of dogs. A mixed disorder of concurrent respiratory and metabolic acidosis (22%) was the most common disorder identified, and primary metabolic acidosis occurred in 13% of animals. Hyperlactatemia was evident in 89% of all dogs, while an increased anion gap was present in only 8%. All 54 dogs included in the semiquantitative analysis had one or more abnormalities identified. The predominant acidotic processes identified were associated with hyperlactatemia (87%), unmeasured anions (50%), and hyperchloremia (28%). Alkalotic processes included hypoalbuminemia (59%) and contraction alkalosis (39%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with GDV with venous blood work evaluated within 1\u00a0h of presentation have a variable acid\u2013base balance, and traditional acid\u2013base analysis was frequently normal. The anion gap did not reliably indicate the presence of hyperlactatemia. Semiquantitative acid\u2013base analysis revealed that most dogs had multiple coexisting alkalotic and acidotic acid\u2013base processes. Given the variability of acid\u2013base balance in dogs with GDV, assessing each patient individually is essential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.70108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1774846756000},"page":"255-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrospective Acid\u2013Base Analysis in Dogs With Gastric Dilatation\u2013Volvulus (2003\u20132018): 100 Cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Eva\u2010Maria","family":"Talts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine University of Illinois College Veterinary Medicine  Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven E.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2021.100613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.180.09.1070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1975.tb05714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.181.03.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12218"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.8.892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2020.100403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.01.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.1.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. 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