{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T06:02:01Z","timestamp":1762408921078,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,10]],"date-time":"2012-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1355097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the diagnostic utility of fungal polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) in forty\u2010three horses with naturally acquired corneal ulcers presenting to a private practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Routine evaluation of cytologic, histologic, and microbiologic samples was performed. Two PCR approaches were compared \u2013 generic and specific fungal nested PCR followed by sequencing and quantitative PCR (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>). PCRs were applied to pure control fungal cultures, corneal tissue from ulcerated eyes and in a subset of 9 horses, to swabs from contralateral normal eyes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expected fungus was identified by nested PCR and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>in all control fungal cultures. In all fungal culture\u2013positive affected eyes (10\/43), one or more fungi were identified by nested PCR and 4\/10 were positive by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>. In 6\/10 animals, the same fungus was identified by nested PCR and culture. Of these 6, only three were positive by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>. Fungal agents were identified by morphology in 8\/10 horses. Diagnosis of fungal keratitis was reserved for only those cases in which the same fungus could be identified by PCR, culture, and morphology (5 horses). In 33\/43 culture\u2010negative affected eyes and in 6\/9 unaffected eyes, one or more fungi were identified by nested PCR in 26 samples and by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>in 2 samples. Apart from<jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>spp, similar fungi were identified in affected and control eyes. Most eyes harbored mixed bacterial and fungal agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nested PCR results confirmed all cytologically positive cases of fungal keratitis. Nested PCR identified a greater spectrum of agents than either culture or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,11]],"date-time":"2012-12-11T12:35:01Z","timestamp":1355229301000},"page":"341-351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Fungal polymerase chain reaction testing in equine ulcerative keratitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Zeiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Comparative Medicine Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT 06520 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Neaderland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Eye Clinic 123 West Cedar Street Norwalk CT 06854 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