{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:50:37Z","timestamp":1778172637844,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,18]],"date-time":"2013-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess whether soft cryotherapy (dimethylether, isobutene, and propane) can remove pigmentation of the cornea that has accumulated under different conditions when conventional therapy has been unsuccessful.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nine dogs with unilateral or bilateral corneal pigmentation (16 eyes) were included based on progressive corneal pigmentation that was unresponsive to long\u2010term etiological treatment. The dogs had keratoconjunctivitis sicca or chronic superficial keratitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cryogen of 95% dimethylether, 3% isobutane, and 2% propane was applied to the pigmented areas of each cornea under anesthesia. Initial corneal pigmentation and changes were documented over the entire study period using a grading scheme and clinical photographs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most of the pigment deposits were gone by 5\u201315\u00a0days after cryosurgery. Postoperatively, the dogs showed some corneal edema and corneo\u2010conjunctival inflammation, and three dogs had superficial corneal ulcers; these symptoms had resolved by 1\u00a0month after the procedure. Follow\u2010up for more than 90\u00a0days was available in five dogs (nine corneas), and we observed total or partial repigmentation when the underlying disease was not controlled. A new cryotherapy procedure was successfully performed in two of these dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the sensitivity to cold of melanocytes, cryotherapy is a viable adjunctive treatment for refractory severe corneal pigmentation. Etiological treatment remains necessary to prevent pigmentation from rapidly reappearing. Only a few dogs were followed for more than 90\u00a0days; further study is necessary to evaluate the long\u2010term safety and efficacy of soft cryotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T04:59:29Z","timestamp":1376888369000},"page":"241-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Adjunctive cryotherapy for pigmentary keratitis in dogs: a study of 16 corneas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Thierry","family":"Azoulay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire des Halles 28 Faubourg de Saverne 67000 Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"112","article-title":"Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: histopathologic study of nictitating membrane and lacrymal glands from 28 dogs","volume":"45","author":"Kaswan RL","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"376","article-title":"Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: immunological evaluation of 62 canine cases","volume":"46","author":"Kaswan RL","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","first-page":"690","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Gilger BC","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1979.tb07019.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.10.1630","article-title":"Risk factors for development of chronic superficial keratitis in dogs","volume":"204","author":"Chavkin MJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1989.tb01603.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1999.0329"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00412.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"635","article-title":"Comparison of topical cyclosporin and dexamethasone for the treatment of chronic superficial keratitis","volume":"137","author":"Williams DL","year":"1995","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(97)50104-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-002-0891-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"389","article-title":"Zur Strahlentherapie der Keratitis superficialis chronica mit Strontium 90","volume":"46","author":"Gr\u00fcning G","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kleintierpraxis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00750.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","unstructured":"AragonA.Contribution a l'\u00e9tude de la cryoth\u00e9rapie en ophtalmologie v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire. 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