{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T21:17:24Z","timestamp":1771535844079,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]],"date-time":"2013-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>the antiviral efficacy against feline herpesvirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) and cytotoxicity for cultured feline cells of famciclovir and its metabolites,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRL<\/jats:styled-content>42359 and penciclovir. To investigate the effect of timing of penciclovir application on<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>antiviral activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plaque reduction assays were used to estimate antiviral efficacy of all compounds and the effect of penciclovir exposure before or after exposure to a<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 field isolate. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by assessing cell morphology and viable cell number for 72\u00a0h following exposure to each compound.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The penciclovir concentration that inhibited<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u2010induced plaque formation by 50% (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) was 0.86\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL (3.4\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>). Famciclovir and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRL<\/jats:styled-content>42359 had no antiviral effect against<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 at any concentration assessed. Antiviral activity was significantly enhanced when cells were exposed to 4\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>penciclovir (approximate IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) for 1\u00a0h but not for 24\u00a0h before viral adsorption. Delaying exposure of cells to penciclovir for 1, 2, or 4\u00a0h after viral adsorption significantly enhanced antiviral activity. Relative to untreated control wells, &gt;88% of cells remained viable when exposed to famciclovir (100\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>),<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRL<\/jats:styled-content>42359 (1.06\u00a0m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>), or penciclovir (40\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>) for 72\u00a0h. No morphologic evidence of cytotoxicity was noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Penciclovir demonstrates potent antiviral activity against<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FHV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 and may be effective at lower tissue, tear, and plasma concentrations than previously targeted. The duration of<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>antiviral effect of penciclovir suggests that frequent famciclovir administration may be necessary<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Famciclovir and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BRL<\/jats:styled-content>42359 showed no signs of<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>cytotoxicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,11]],"date-time":"2013-10-11T21:51:19Z","timestamp":1381528279000},"page":"268-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>cytotoxicity and antiviral efficacy against feline herpesvirus type 1 of famciclovir and its metabolites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Allyson D.","family":"Groth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos T.","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA 94143 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen K.","family":"Kado\u2010Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyvan Q.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA 94143 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara M.","family":"Thomasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Maggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California, Davis Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.01.158","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of feline herpesvirus\u20101 to vidarabine, idoxuridine, trifluridine, acyclovir, or bromovinyldeoxyuridine","volume":"50","author":"Nasisse MP","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-2-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680490504849"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.9.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.10.1141","article-title":"Effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvirus 1","volume":"58","author":"Nasisse MP","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1996.tb00087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Treatment of ocular nasal, and dermatologic disease attributable to feline herpesvirus 1 with famciclovir","volume":"11","author":"Thomasy SM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.11.1252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.3.358"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498259409045899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/33.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-0021-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00984.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx049737i"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498254.2012.727499"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.12.2747"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"1758","article-title":"Experimental ocular herpesvirus infection in the cat. 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