{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:31:48Z","timestamp":1784313108042,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,31]],"date-time":"2014-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the clinical features, treatments, complications, and outcomes of horses with traumatic orbital fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen horses with confirmed orbital fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records of horses presenting with orbital fractures between 2006 and 2013 were reviewed. Signalment, etiology of fracture, clinical signs, fracture descriptions, diagnostic imaging, treatments, complications, and outcomes were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen horses presented with orbital fractures resulting from rearing in a confined space (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05), being kicked (4), colliding with a stationary object (3), and unknown trauma (6). Radiography and computed tomography were effective at classifying fractures and evaluating sinus\/nasal involvement. Epistaxis\/sinusitis were associated with fractures of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a03) and comminuted fractures of multiple bones (5). Seventeen fractures required treatment, with fifteen receiving a combination of medical and surgical therapy. Surgery included reduction of large bony fragments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08), removal of small fragments (12), stabilization with a wire implant (1), and sinus trephination and lavage (5). Factors contributing to a favorable outcome included: globe retention (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016), vision (14), comfort (15), cosmesis (9), and return to previous function (13).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Horses sustaining orbital fractures treated promptly with medical and surgical therapy have a favorable prognosis for return to function and cosmesis. Fractures affecting the zygomatic process of the frontal bone are unlikely to involve the sinus\/nasal cavities. Epistaxis and sinusitis warrant more aggressive therapy and decrease functional and cosmetic outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,31]],"date-time":"2014-03-31T09:55:03Z","timestamp":1396259703000},"page":"97-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Equine orbital fractures: a review of 18 cases (2006<b>\u2013<\/b>2013)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Gerding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Clode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian C.","family":"Gilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4742-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith W.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.188.03.280","article-title":"Periorbital skull 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