{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:47Z","timestamp":1791337907169,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]],"date-time":"2014-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T35 OD010956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T35 OD010956"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the lacrimal system of snakes using contrast micro\u2010computed tomography (micro\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) with 3\u2010dimensional reconstruction, fluorescein passage (\u2018Jones\u2019) testing, histology, and gross dissection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>One royal python and 19 snake cadavers representing 10 species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Direct observation following injection of fluorescein into the subspectacular space, micro\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>following injection of three contrast agents into the subspectacular space, gross dissection following injection of latex into the subspectacular space, and histopathology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injection of fluorescein confirmed patency, but not course of the lacrimal duct. Barium enabled clear visualization of the lacrimal duct, whereas two iodinated contrast agents proved inadequate. Collectively, micro\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>, anatomic dissections, and histology suggest tears are produced by a single, large, serous, retrobulbar gland, released into the subspectacular space via several ductules, and drained through a single punctum originating in the ventronasal subspectacular space, and the lacrimal duct, which takes one of three routes of variable tortuosity before opening into the oral cavity in close association with the opening of the duct of the vomeronasal organ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ophidian lacrimal duct has a generally tortuous course, and the details of its anatomy are species\u2010variable. The tortuous course of the duct likely predisposes snakes to duct occlusion and must be considered when planning medical and surgical interventions in snakes with pseudobuphthalmos and subspectacular abscessation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]],"date-time":"2014-05-26T04:21:21Z","timestamp":1401078081000},"page":"15-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Gross, histologic, and micro\u2010computed tomographic anatomy of the lacrimal system of snakes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Maggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin Ae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Puchalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Paul\u2010Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science University of California Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","author":"Underwood G","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia","author":"Parsons 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