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Histopathological inclusion criteria included: a neovascular membrane extending from the optic nerve head or retina, clusters of spindle cells lacking vascularization within the vitreous, and histological signs of glaucoma. Special and immunohistochemical (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IHC<\/jats:styled-content>) staining techniques were performed. Clinical data, treatments, and outcomes were obtained from case records and information provided by submitting veterinarians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010seven eyes of 36 dogs were identified with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COGS<\/jats:styled-content>. The average age at diagnosis was 8.8\u00a0years (\u00b12.2). The relative risk for a Labrador retriever affected by<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COGS<\/jats:styled-content>was significantly greater (9.3 times) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) when compared to all other dog breeds within the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COPLOW<\/jats:styled-content>database. Most dogs presented with hyphema and secondary glaucoma; average intraocular pressure was 39\u00a0mmHg (\u00b119). Average time to enucleation or evisceration was 27\u00a0days. Vitreal cells stained positive with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IHC<\/jats:styled-content>for glial fibrillary acidic protein in 14 of 17 globes, and vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed in the vitreal cells in five of five globes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have defined a syndrome associated with vitreal glial cell aggregates and neovascular proliferation from the optic nerve or retina, which leads to neovascular glaucoma. The inflammation and secondary glaucoma resulting from this syndrome appear poorly responsive to conventional medical therapies. The exact etiology of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COGS<\/jats:styled-content>remains undetermined, but a systemic etiology is unlikely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T07:35:45Z","timestamp":1409556945000},"page":"371-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical and histological characteristics of canine ocular gliovascular syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Treadwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Veterinary Specialists Charlotte NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Naranjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina y Cirug\u00eda Animales Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid 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