{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T23:41:17Z","timestamp":1788824477030,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of an equine ocular inflammatory disease resulting in anterior uveitis and corneal endothelial inflammation associated with iris pigment dispersion and retrocorneal fibrous membrane (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFM<\/jats:styled-content>) formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixteen horses with evidence of pigmented keratic precipitates (KPs), corneal edema, and\/or iris depigmentation. Information collected from the medical records included signalment, clinical signs, prereferral treatment duration and response to therapy, ophthalmic examination findings, postreferral treatment, response to therapy, and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010one eyes from 16 horses were affected. Age ranged between 9 and 25\u00a0years (Average 16.1\u00a0years). Blepharospasm, epiphora, and\/or corneal opacification were the first clinical signs noted. At the time of referral pigmented KPs, corneal edema, iridal depigmentation, and retrocorneal membranes were commonly seen. Treatment included topical and\/or systemic anti\u2010inflammatories and antibiotics with variable response. Reduction or cessation of anti\u2010inflammatory therapy resulted in worsening of clinical signs and disease progression. Eight eyes ultimately required enucleation. Histopathology changes include iridal pigment loss and dispersion,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFM<\/jats:styled-content>formation, and keratitis. Variable degrees of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation were dominated by T\u2010cells within the corneal stroma,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFM<\/jats:styled-content>, iris, and ciliary body with occasional multinucleated giant cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heterochromic iridocyclitis with secondary keratitis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIK<\/jats:styled-content>) is characterized by uveal inflammation with pigment dispersion and suspected corneal endothelial dysfunction. Horses being treated for<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIK<\/jats:styled-content>require diligent and frequent follow\u2010up examinations in combination with aggressive local immune suppression to control the disease. However,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIK<\/jats:styled-content>may not respond to therapy and enucleation may ultimately be required to ensure the horse's comfort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,17]],"date-time":"2014-11-17T06:43:27Z","timestamp":1416206607000},"page":"443-456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characterization of a novel equine ocular disorder: heterochromic iridocyclitis with secondary keratitis in adult horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Nelson I.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Richard 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