{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:17:05Z","timestamp":1777461425670,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]],"date-time":"2015-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>uacaya alpacas (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>icugna pacos<\/jats:italic>) and to determine the effect of age and gender on this flora.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>uacaya alpacas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>After a complete ophthalmic examination, conjunctival swabs were obtained from both eyes and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Logistic and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>oisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of age and gender on bacterial isolation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four animals were excluded because of signs of external ocular disease. Of the remaining 46 alpacas, bacteria were recovered from 96.7% (89\/92) of the eyes. A total of 190 bacterial isolates were cultured with a mean of 2.1 bacterial isolates per eye. The majority of isolates (70%) were<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>ram\u2010positive.<jats:italic>Staphylococcus xylosus<\/jats:italic>(44\/190: 23.2%) predominated, followed by viridans streptococci (32\/190: 16.8%) and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>antoea agglomerans<\/jats:italic>(24\/190: 12.6%). Other frequently isolated bacteria included<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>othia mucilaginosa<\/jats:italic>(12\/190: 6.3%),<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>taphylococcus equorum<\/jats:italic>(12\/190: 6.3%),<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>acillus<\/jats:italic>species (9\/190: 4.7%),<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>oraxella ovis<\/jats:italic>(9\/190: 4.7%), and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>oraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>(6\/190: 3.2%). Statistical analysis showed that alpacas harboring viridans streptococci and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>oraxella<\/jats:italic>species were significantly younger. Gender did not significantly affect type of bacterial isolation. There appeared to be no significant effect of age or gender on number of bacteria isolated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gram\u2010positive aerobes were most commonly cultured, with<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0xylosus<\/jats:italic>and viridans streptococci predominating. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>oraxella<\/jats:italic>species in the healthy conjunctival sac of alpacas. Alpacas harboring viridans streptococci and<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>oraxella<\/jats:italic>species were significantly younger.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,9]],"date-time":"2015-01-09T18:28:25Z","timestamp":1420828105000},"page":"22-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Normal bacterial conjunctival flora in the<scp>H<\/scp>uacaya alpaca (<i><scp>V<\/scp>icugna pacos<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Goedele","family":"Storms","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge Boulevard de Colonster 20 B44 Li\u00e8ge 4000 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