{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:29:27Z","timestamp":1790033367415,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]],"date-time":"2015-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32OD010423\u201007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32OD010423\u201007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002570","name":"American Association of Immunologists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe five cases of protozoal keratitis or conjunctivitis in dogs with chronic preexisting ocular surface disease treated with long\u2010term immunosuppression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five dogs that developed corneal or conjunctival mass lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The database of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin was searched for canine cases diagnosed with corneal or conjunctival protozoal infection. Five cases were identified, and tissues were examined using routine and special histochemical stains: immunohistochemical labels for<jats:italic>Neospora caninum<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp., and tissue sample PCR for<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>spp.<jats:italic>, Trypanosoma cruzi,<\/jats:italic>tissue coccidia (i.e.,<jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii\/Sarcocystis\/Neospora),<\/jats:italic>piroplasms, trichomonads, and<jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic>. Electron microscopy was performed for two cases, and serology for<jats:italic>N.\u00a0caninum<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>was available for three cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preexisting ocular diseases included keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pigmentary keratitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04) and pyogranulomatous meibomian adenitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01). All dogs were treated with tacrolimus or cyclosporine for at least 1.2\u00a0years. Dogs were presented with fleshy corneal or conjunctival masses that were clinically suspected to be neoplastic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04) or immune mediated (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01). Histologic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation with intralesional protozoal organisms. Amoeba (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02),<jats:italic>T.\u00a0gondii<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02), or<jats:italic>Leishmania mexicana<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01) were identified using molecular techniques. Serological tests were negative.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Protozoal keratitis and conjunctivitis without systemic involvement appears rare and may be associated with chronic preexisting ocular surface disease treated with long\u2010term immunosuppression. Based upon clinical appearance, lesions could be confused with neoplasia. This is the first report of amoebic keratoconjunctivitis in dogs and of<jats:italic>L.\u00a0mexicana<\/jats:italic>in dogs in the United States.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,4]],"date-time":"2015-06-04T02:52:19Z","timestamp":1433386339000},"page":"206-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Protozoal infections of the cornea and conjunctiva in dogs associated with chronic ocular surface disease and topical immunosuppression"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Billie","family":"Beckwith\u2010Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Gasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellison","family":"Bentley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Gittelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Medical of New City New City NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela E.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen F.","family":"Snowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara C.","family":"Shock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Yabsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Athens GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Dubielzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine the University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00768.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.197.07.857","article-title":"Repeated transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dogs","volume":"197","author":"Dubey JP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.11.1556","article-title":"Histologically confirmed clinical toxoplasmosis in cats: 100 cases (1952\u20131990)","volume":"203","author":"Dubey JP","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02215002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.14.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00873.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[1259:APBRAO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001212"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2014.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810382094"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-002-0787-0","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of Chagas\u2019 disease and use of an animal model to study parasite tropism","volume":"89","author":"Vera\u2010Cruz JM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814535613"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000233949.56229.7d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"104","article-title":"Susceptibility of corneas from various animal species to in\u00a0vitro binding and invasion by Acanthamoeba caste llanii [corrected]","volume":"33","author":"Niederkorn JY","year":"1992","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/587402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713509378"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.07.880","article-title":"Microorganisms isolated from the corneal surface before and during topical cyclosporine treatment in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca","volume":"56","author":"Salisbury MA","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318160602d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0b013e31829e905e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12277577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/421300"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00858.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvop.12285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.12285","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T10:04:59Z","timestamp":1717927499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.12285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.12285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.12285","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-06-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}