{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T07:21:56Z","timestamp":1696231316080},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]],"date-time":"2016-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the ocular circulation in California sea lions (<jats:italic>Zalophus californianus<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eyes were obtained postmortem from three sea lions that died while in captivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specimens from sea lions were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SEM<\/jats:styled-content>) of vascular corrosion casts. The thermal characteristics of live animal eyes were measured using an infrared imaging system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The major orbital artery of the sea lion was the ophthalmic artery. The artery was remarkably thick in diameter, showed a marked convolution and formed an ophthalmic rete around the optic nerve at the posterior pole of the eyeball. The long posterior ciliary artery terminates to form a prominent inner arterial circle at the pupillary margin. The iridial arteries originated from the arterial circle showing either a crimped or somewhat coiled course, extending toward the root of the iris and formed a root supplying a large amount of blood to the iris and ciliary bodies. The venules in the conjunctiva formed a well\u2010developed venous plexus. The vortex veins showed a dilation and constriction at the site passing through the sclera. Thermographic examination revealed that the eye showed a higher degree of thermal emission than adjacent skin areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These characteristics suggest that the ocular vasculature might play roles in thermoregulation as well as in hemodynamics by draining a large amount of blood so that the appropriate operating temperature for the eye can be maintained in a deep and cold aquatic environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T18:02:29Z","timestamp":1463853749000},"page":"205-213","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microvasculature of the California sea lion (<i>Zalophus californianus)<\/i> eye and its functional significance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hiroyoshi","family":"Ninomiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yamazaki Gakuen University 4\u20107\u20102 Minamiosawa Hachiouji 192\u20100364 Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Biology of Marine Mammals","author":"Pabst DA","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(72)90200-9","article-title":"Body heat dissipation and conservation in two species of dolphins","volume":"43","author":"McGinnis SM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"The cetacean eye","author":"Dawson WW","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.655h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5340.1138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00815.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092320117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00170.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051900203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.23.4043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001870111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.22.3023","article-title":"Ambient temperature does not affect the tactile sensitivity of mystacial vibrissae in harbour seals","volume":"201","author":"Dehnhardt G","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.14.2125","article-title":"Selective heating of vibrissal follicles in seals (Phoca vitulina) and dolphins (Sotalia.uviatilis guianensis)","volume":"203","author":"Mauck B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojvm.2014.45011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21541"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.04051.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001700206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2003.00262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Oxford Textbook of Ophthalmology","author":"Easty JM","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Marine mammals; 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