{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:32:21Z","timestamp":1792452741247,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe clinical,<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>confocal microscopic, histopathologic, and microbiologic features of canine and feline cases of infectious crystalline keratopathy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICK<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six dogs and two cats with naturally acquired<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICK<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records of dogs and cats with a clinical diagnosis of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICK<\/jats:styled-content>were reviewed. Signalment, medical history, clinical findings, and diagnostic evaluations were retrieved, including corneal cytology, histopathology,<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>confocal microscopy, and microbiology results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All animals presented with fine, needle\u2010like, and branching white crystalline anterior stromal opacities emanating from corneal facets or corneal epithelial defects. Mild conjunctival hyperemia and anterior uveitis were frequently present. Concurrent ocular and systemic diseases were common, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca, corneal sequestrum, diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, and malignant neoplasia. Bacteria, with minimal or absent leukocytes, were identified by cytology and histopathology. Histopathologically, the crystalline corneal opacities corresponded with dense accumulations of bacteria present in the interlamellar stromal spaces and forming cord\u2010like projections within the stroma.<jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>confocal microscopy demonstrated deposits of reflective crystalline or amorphous structures within the stroma with a paucity of associated inflammatory changes. The most frequently cultured bacteria were alpha\u2010hemolytic<jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>species. Resolution of clinical lesions was achieved in most cases with long\u2010term medical or surgical therapy; however, the initiation of medical treatment was associated with an acute, dramatic onset of severe keratitis and anterior uveitis in some animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious crystalline keratopathy in dogs and cats shares many features with this condition in human patients. Prolonged medical therapy, or surgical intervention, is required for resolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T18:22:15Z","timestamp":1467224535000},"page":"250-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Infectious crystalline keratopathy in dogs and cats: clinical,<i>in vivo<\/i>confocal microscopic, histopathologic, and microbiologic features of eight cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"McDonough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences College of 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