{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:08:47Z","timestamp":1785427727321,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,29]],"date-time":"2016-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize canine superficial corneal pigment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>) in brachycephalic dogs using<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>confocal microscopy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVCM<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010seven client\u2010owned brachycephalic dogs from breeds predisposed to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>(i.e., Boston Terrier, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Pug, and Shih Tzu).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Complete ocular examination, including slit\u2010lamp biomicroscopy, was used to determine presence or absence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>, and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVCM<\/jats:styled-content>examinations were then performed. Clinical and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVCM<\/jats:styled-content>abnormalities were recorded using a standardized scoring system and statistically compared between dogs with and without<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>. Dogs were split into two groups for analysis; Pugs and non\u2010Pug breeds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 57 dogs examined, 32 were Pugs and 25 were non\u2010Pug breeds. Twenty\u2010three Pugs (71.8%) and 10 non\u2010Pugs (40%) displayed<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>. Six of 13 evaluated<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVCM<\/jats:styled-content>features were significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05) associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>in both Pugs and non\u2010Pugs and included superficial epithelial pigment, basal epithelial pigment, Langerhans cells, anterior stromal dendritic cells, epithelial disorganization, and vascularization. Additionally, superficial epithelial leukocytes and anterior stromal dendritic cells were significantly associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>in Pugs only. Many of the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVCM<\/jats:styled-content>features associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>were also observed in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>unaffected dogs; however, they were present at a reduced frequency and confined to the perilimbal region of the cornea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>By<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IVCM<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCP<\/jats:styled-content>in dogs is characterized by microscopic features of chronic inflammation. Abnormalities were superficial and largely confined to the corneal epithelium. Superficial pigment in brachycephalic dogs appears morphologically as a centripetal corneal migration of microanatomic features normally confined to the perilimbal region of the cornea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]],"date-time":"2017-07-25T12:50:15Z","timestamp":1500987015000},"page":"294-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i>confocal microscopy of brachycephalic dogs with and without superficial corneal pigment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Lucien V.","family":"Vallone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Enders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical 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