{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:49:25Z","timestamp":1761490165561},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,15]],"date-time":"2016-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the degree and duration of corneal anesthesia of a novel viscous ophthalmic lidocaine hydrochloride preparation vs. two commonly used ophthalmic anesthetic preparations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each subject was randomly selected to receive 2 of 4 treatments at 2 different time periods separated by a 1 week washout: 3.5% lidocaine hydrochloride gel (Akten<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>; Akorn Inc., Lake Forest, Illinois, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>), 0.5% aqueous proparacaine hydrochloride (Akorn Inc.), 0.5% viscous tetracaine hydrochloride (TetraVisc\u2122; Ocusoft Inc., Richmond, Texas, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">USA<\/jats:styled-content>), or 0.9% saline eyewash as a negative control. Corneal sensitivity was determined using a Cochet\u2010Bonnet aesthesiometer (Luneau\u00c2<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, Chartres Cedex, France) prior to instillation of each treatment; at 1 and 5 min post treatment; and at 5\u2010min intervals thereafter for 90 min total. Ocular side effects were recorded on a scale of 0\u20133.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four normal dogs (48 eyes) were entered into the study. Mean duration of maximal anesthesia was significantly greater at 34.2 min with tetracaine compared to 21.5 min and 19 min with proparacaine and lidocaine respectively. Corneal sensitivity was significantly decreased from baseline for up to 70 min with tetracaine and 55 min with both proparacaine and lidocaine. All lidocaine\u2010treated eyes had transient blepharospasm and conjunctival hyperemia. Ten out of 24 tetracaine\u2010treated eyes had conjunctival hyperemia with 4 of these having concurrent chemosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tetracaine provided a significantly longer duration of corneal anesthesia than proparacaine or lidocaine. Tetracaine and lidocaine were associated with more ocular side effects than proparacaine, although these were mild and transient. None.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,17]],"date-time":"2016-12-17T12:06:06Z","timestamp":1481976366000},"page":"405-410","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Corneal anesthetic effect and ocular tolerance of 3.5% lidocaine gel in comparison with 0.5% aqueous proparacaine and 0.5% viscous tetracaine in normal canines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Venturi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals Tustin CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Blocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals Tustin CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darryl Dustin","family":"Dees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals Salt Lake City 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