{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T09:32:55Z","timestamp":1782811975426,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1492473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307606\/2013\u20109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307606\/2013\u20109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["443167\/2014\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["443167\/2014\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to assess the biofilm\u2010forming ability of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp. from the ocular conjunctiva of horses and to investigate the antifungal susceptibility of these biofilms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Initially, the biofilm\u2010forming ability of 15 strains was assessed by crystal violet staining, which reveals the fungal biomass adhered to the polystyrene plates, and scanning electron microscopy. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content>s) of amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, and caspofungin were initially determined against strains in planktonic form. Afterward, antifungal susceptibility of mature biofilms was evaluated by exposing them to 10\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content> and 50\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content> of the tested drugs, followed by the assessment of their metabolic activity, using the oxidoreduction indicator <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XTT<\/jats:styled-content>. Results were analyzed through <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANOVA<\/jats:styled-content> and Tukey's post\u2010test, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010values below 5% led to significant conclusions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight strains produced biofilms and were classified as strong (1\/15), moderate (3\/15) and weak (4\/15) producers, according to the amount of crystal violet retained by the adhered fungal biomass. Biofilm metabolic activity of one <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>tropicalis<\/jats:italic> did not decrease after exposure to the tested antifungals, while biofilm metabolic activity of five strains was reduced by amphotericin B, but not the other drugs. One <jats:italic>C.\u00a0parapsilosis sensu stricto<\/jats:italic> and one <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u00a0<jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> showed significant reduction in biofilm metabolic activity after exposure to fluconazole, itraconazole, and caspofungin, but not amphotericin B.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate that <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> from the ocular conjunctiva of horses can pose as a risk to animal health as they are capable of forming biofilms, which are commonly involved in fungal keratitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,18]],"date-time":"2017-04-18T07:16:57Z","timestamp":1492499817000},"page":"539-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biofilms of <i>Candida<\/i> spp. from the ocular conjunctiva of horses with reduced azole 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