{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T22:28:22Z","timestamp":1790980102936,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]],"date-time":"2017-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1489449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>To determine the normal reference range for Schirmer tear test\u20101 (STT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) values in eyes of healthy alpacas (Vicug\u00f1a pacos<\/jats:italic>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on forty healthy alpacas (80 eyes). STT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 values were obtained in both eyes of all alpacas using a commercial STT<\/jats:styled-content> strip of a single lot number. Data were analyzed, using a doubly repeated measures ANOVA<\/jats:styled-content> design, Student's paired t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test, and Pearson correlation test, with P<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.05 considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The STT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 values \u00b1 standard deviation (SD<\/jats:styled-content>) were 20.80 \u00b1 4.01 mm\/min OD<\/jats:styled-content>, 20.00 \u00b1 4.13 mm\/min OS<\/jats:styled-content>, and 20.88 \u00b1 4.04 mm\/min OU<\/jats:styled-content> (range 15.50\u201330.50 mm\/min). No significant differences in STT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 were found between OD<\/jats:styled-content> and OS<\/jats:styled-content>. STT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 was not significantly affected by breed. Schirmer tear test\u20101 values were significantly increased by 3.45 mm\/min for every 10 year increase in age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>This study provides a reference range of STT<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 in the healthy alpaca which can assist veterinarians in diagnosing potential keratoconjunctivitis sicca, tear film abnormalities, as well as ocular surface diseases in alpacas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,15]],"date-time":"2017-03-15T03:42:42Z","timestamp":1489549362000},"page":"101-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Determination of Schirmer tear test\u20101 values in clinically normal alpacas (Vicug\u00f1a pacos<\/i>) in North America"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica E.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals 1021 E. 3300 S. Salt Lake City UT 84106 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Knollinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals 1021 E. 3300 S. Salt Lake City UT 84106 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl D.","family":"Dees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals 12419 Metric Blvd Austin TX 78758 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"MacLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Care for Animals 1021 E. 3300 S. Salt Lake City UT 84106 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-70"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Intraocular nematodiasis in a llama (Lama glama)","volume":"52","author":"Dunkel B","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00207.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Diagnostic ophthalmology. 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