{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:47:49Z","timestamp":1780681669563,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,10]],"date-time":"2017-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1502323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe clinical aspects of dogs with punctate retinal hemorrhage (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>83 dogs (119 eyes) with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medical records of dogs evaluated by the Cornell University ophthalmology service with a clinical diagnosis of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>between 2006 and 2015 were reviewed. For this study,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>was defined as retinal hemorrhages\u00a0\u2264\u00a01 optic disk diameter in size and dogs with other posterior segment ocular diseases were excluded. Signalment and clinical features of the dogs were recorded, including concurrent ocular and systemic diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Punctate retinal hemorrhage was identified in 119 eyes of 83 dogs. The mean (\u00b1standard deviation) age of dogs was 10.0 (\u00b13.8) years. Mixed\u2010breed dogs, Golden Retrievers, Jack Russell Terriers, and English Springer Spaniels were statistically overrepresented relative to the ophthalmology service canine referral population during the same period. Hemorrhages were found in all retinal locations and varied in number. Concurrent ocular disease was present in 78 eyes (66%) including keratoconjunctivitis sicca, uveitis, and cataracts. Fifty dogs (60%) suffered from concurrent systemic disease and diabetes mellitus, multiple myeloma, and systemic hypertension were statistically overrepresented in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>population. Less frequently, other serious systemic diseases were present in dogs with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>including immune\u2010mediated thrombocytopenia, leptospirosis, metastatic neoplasia, and thromboembolic disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The risk of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>in dogs may be increased by certain ocular and systemic diseases. As the presence of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRH<\/jats:styled-content>can be associated with underlying systemic disease in dogs, it may prompt further clinical investigation and diagnostics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,11]],"date-time":"2017-08-11T03:36:38Z","timestamp":1502422598000},"page":"233-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Punctate retinal hemorrhage and its relation to ocular and systemic disease in dogs: 83 cases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nathaniel P.","family":"Violette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric 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