{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:55:58Z","timestamp":1791280558187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To present a case series of idiopathic lipoidal corneal degeneration in falcons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five falcons including three peregrine falcons (<jats:italic>Falco peregrinus<\/jats:italic>), one prairie falcon (<jats:italic>Falco mexicanus<\/jats:italic>), and one red\u2010naped shaheen (<jats:italic>Falco peregrinus babylonicus<\/jats:italic>) were observed to develop slowly progressive corneal opacification that began at the temporal limbus and extended centripetally across the cornea over a period of years. Four of the birds were over 20\u00a0years old.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>All animals underwent complete ophthalmic examinations. A red\u2010naped shaheen underwent ocular imaging via spectral\u2010domain optical coherence tomography. Two peregrine falcons were euthanized due to declining health, and their eyes were examined histologically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The opacities were pale and granular, with frequent vascularization associated perilimbally. Diffuse neutral lipid was observed in stromal cells throughout the corneal stroma of both clear and opaque areas of the cornea, sparing only the acellular anterior limiting lamina. Clusters of cholesterol crystals surrounded by macrophages were present in the mid\u2010stroma. Fibrosis was evident in a subepithelial location, which separated the epithelium from the anterior limiting lamina. Ultrastructurally, diffuse vacuolization of the keratocytes was observed. No other ophthalmic or systemic abnormalities were noted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results suggest that lipid degeneration occurs rarely in captive falcons of advanced age. The underlying cause is unclear. Though unsubstantiated, possible contributing factors include dyslipoproteinemia, corneal trauma, diet, and age\u2010related alterations in corneal metabolism. The initiation of pathology at the temporal limbus, as well as slow progression, suggests that exposure contributes to the onset and progression of this unique keratopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]],"date-time":"2018-01-19T13:32:31Z","timestamp":1516368751000},"page":"332-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Lipoidal corneal degeneration in aged falcons"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Bret A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California\u2010Davis 1 Garrod Drive Davis CA 95695 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne R.","family":"Paul\u2010Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen L.","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Dubielzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison 2015 Linden Drive Madison WI 53706 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences New York State College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University 602 Tower Road Ithaca NY 14853 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben J.","family":"Gonzales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Investigations Laboratory California Department of Fish and Wildlife 1701 Nimbus Road Suite D Rancho Cordova CA 95670 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peregrine","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nevada Department of Wildlife 6980 Sierra Center Pkwy Suite 120 Reno NV 89511 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology &amp; Vision Science School of Medicine University of California\u2010Davis One Shields Avenue Davis CA 95616 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1981.179.11.1271","article-title":"Bilateral keratopathy in a barred owl","volume":"179","author":"Murphy CJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","article-title":"Presumptive keratoglobus in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)","author":"Lau RK","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"131","volume-title":"Recent Advances in the Study of Raptor Diseases","author":"Greenwood AG","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2006.00476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0009.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"DubielzigR YoungS HawkinsKet\u00a0al.Cornea lipoidal degeneration in aged falcons (abstract). 43rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists1992; Abstract 178."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16584"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1989.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"655","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Whitley RD","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00209.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arcus senilis cornea","volume":"42","author":"Forsius H","year":"1954","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(70)90890-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Factors influencing the variable expression of xanthelasmata and corneal arcus in familial hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"18","author":"Winder AF","year":"1982","journal-title":"Birth Defects Original Article Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Retinal diseases in children","author":"Spaeth GL","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(91)90205-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197809072991005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13816818809031494"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01418.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"531","article-title":"Hereditary crystalline corneal dystrophy with an associated blood disorder","volume":"91","author":"Williams HP","year":"1971","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Ophthalmology Society of the United Kingdom"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588802500214"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0305:CLDICT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.607427"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/8521-111908-Case.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(08)80311-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spontaneous atherosclerosis in pigeons: a model system for studying metabolic parameters associated with atherogenesis","volume":"67","author":"Santerre RF","year":"1972","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(83)90006-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.12.1696"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1965.tb02105.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Association of Avian Veterinarians Conference and Exposition","author":"Garner MM"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","volume-title":"Birds of Prey: Medicine and Management","author":"Heindenreich M","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0254R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470376836"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2004.9695168"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.12.1474"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(72)90039-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688307601001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22233\/9781910443101.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/10555-041513-Case.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","volume-title":"Comparative Atherosclerosis","author":"Roberts JC","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","unstructured":"Lujan\u2010VegaC KeelKM HawkinsMG.Atherosclerotic lesions in raptors in Northern California: 36 cases. Unpublished data."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Lipid keratopathy and atheroma","volume":"56","author":"Cogan DG","year":"1958","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Ophthamology Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1962.sp001600"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.197.4.842","article-title":"Some local factors affecting iridic lipid infiltration in hypercholesterolemic rabbits","volume":"197","author":"Friedman M","year":"1959","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Excess lipid leakage: a property of very young vascular endothelium","volume":"43","author":"Friedman M","year":"1962","journal-title":"British Journal of Experimental Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000175423"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1982.181.11.1302","article-title":"Ocular lesions in free\u2010living raptors","volume":"181","author":"Murphy CJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The consequences of avian ocular trauma: histopathological evidence and implications of acute and chronic disease","author":"Moore BA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","first-page":"1544","article-title":"Pathogenesis of experimental lipid keratopathy","volume":"29","author":"Roth SI","year":"1988","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-19900101-08","article-title":"Lipid deposits posterior to impermeable intracorneal lenses in Rhesus monkeys: clinical, histochemical, and ultrastructural studies","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues MM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Refractive and Corneal Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.72.5.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199103000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.4.248"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-007-9032-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","unstructured":"WhiteC ClumN CadeTet\u00a0al.Peregine falcon (Falco peregrinus 660). The Birds of North America.http:\/\/bna.birds.cornell.edu\/BNA\/account\/Peregrine_Falcon\/. [Accessed on 4 March 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1989.20"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvop.12508","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.12508","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T22:56:56Z","timestamp":1751237816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.12508"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.12508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.12508","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-01-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}