{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:08:47Z","timestamp":1785427727568,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the prevalence and the types of eye disorders that are known or presumed to be inherited (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content>) in three small Italian dog breeds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three small Italian dog breeds: Maltese, Bolognese, and Italian Greyhound.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>All dogs of the breeds selected for this prospective observational study that underwent a complete ophthalmic examination between 1994 and 2015 were included. General and proportional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence with 95% confidence intervals were reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred and six of 462 dogs were affected by at least one <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content> (66.2%; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 61.8%\u201370.4%). In the entire population, the five most common <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content> were cataract (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0122; rate on the total number of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content>: 31.4%), entropion (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a056; 14.4%), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a033; 8.5%), retinal dysplasia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a024; 6.2%), and persistent pupillary membrane (iris to iris) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a021; 5.4%). The most common <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content> in each breed were cataracts in the Maltese (35.1%) and in the Bolognese (24.2%), and presentation of vitreous in the anterior chamber in the Italian Greyhound (46.7%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinicians should be aware of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HED<\/jats:styled-content> that commonly affect three small Italian dog breeds. Breed standards should be reconsidered, and breeding programs should be directed at limiting such disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T22:36:44Z","timestamp":1514500604000},"page":"524-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiology of ocular disorders presumed to be inherited in three small Italian dog breeds in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Guandalini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Via Sandro Giovannini 51\/53 00137 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Di Girolamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Via Sandro Giovannini 51\/53 00137 Rome Italy"},{"name":"EBMVet Via Sigismondo Trecchi 20 Cremona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Corvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Via Sandro Giovannini 51\/53 00137 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Santillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Via Sandro Giovannini 51\/53 00137 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Andreani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Via Sandro Giovannini 51\/53 00137 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) Via Sandro Giovannini 51\/53 00137 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200310000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-6687-1-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of inherited glaucoma in the beagle","volume":"16","author":"Gelatt KN","year":"1977","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"Retinal Information Network.Genes and Mapped Loci Causing Retinal Diseases.http:\/\/www.sph.uth.tmc.edu\/RetNet\/[accessed on 14 July 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.f1381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.232"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002462"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2012.02379.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"The Blue Book. 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