{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:02:33Z","timestamp":1790611353500,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical signs, management, histopathologic findings, and outcome of three dogs with a corneocentric presentation of nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three dogs of varying breeds were presented for a unilateral, nonpainful, and infiltrative corneal lesion in the dorsal aspect of the eye. Clinical response to symptomatic topical treatment directed at a presumed inflammatory or immune\u2010mediated cause was poor. Due to this, and concerns of neoplasia, ultrasonography (n\u00a0=\u00a01), incisional biopsy (n\u00a0=\u00a02), and\/or enucleation (n\u00a0=\u00a02) were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The inflammatory infiltrate observed on histopathology was identical to that seen in nodular granulomatous episcleritis in all three cases. However, atypically the inflammation was confined to the cornea and limbus, without episcleral or conjunctival involvement. Inflammation of the cornea was full thickness to Descemet's membrane. Following enucleation (n\u00a0=\u00a02), there were no postoperative complications, and no reported ophthalmic disease in the remaining eye. Currently, the single non\u2010enucleated case remains controlled with systemic and topical immunosuppression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first report of an NGE condition purely affecting the full thickness of the cornea, without episcleral or conjunctival involvement. The authors propose this to represent an atypical corneocentric variant of NGE. This clinical presentation can resemble neoplasia; incisional biopsy is recommended for a definitive diagnosis. Further research into the optimal treatment strategies for this variant of NGE is required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T14:03:25Z","timestamp":1549461805000},"page":"529-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Clinical and pathological findings in three dogs with a corneocentric presentation of nodular granulomatous episcleritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Negar","family":"Hamzianpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Veterinary Clinic Ltd Leominster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Veterinary Clinic Ltd Leominster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Gareth","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Park Veterinary Group Leicester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Vet Ltd Cheshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rosemullion Veterinary Practice Falmouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Scurrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytopath Ltd Ledbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-04232-1.50013-X","volume-title":"Ocular Pathology","author":"Yanoff M","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"529","article-title":"A clinicopathologic classification of episcleritis and scleritis in the dog","volume":"13","author":"Fischer C","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Ocular nodular fasciitis in a dog","volume":"150","author":"Bellhorn RW","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in the dog","volume":"170","author":"Gwin RM","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Azathioprine in the management of fibrous histiocytoma in two dogs","volume":"19","author":"Latimer CA","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"503","article-title":"A case of ocular nodular fasciitis in a dog","volume":"10","author":"Lavignette AM","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1276","article-title":"Use of a corneoscleral homograft to treat proliferative episcleritis in the dog","volume":"71","author":"Peiffer RL","year":"1976","journal-title":"Vet Med Small Anim Clin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"722","article-title":"Infiltrative corneal lesions resembling fibrous histiocytoma: clinical and pathologic findings in six dogs and one cat","volume":"169","author":"Smith JS","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"354","article-title":"Cryosurgery for treatment of recurrent proliferative keratoconjunctivitis in five dogs","volume":"195","author":"Wheeler CA","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"988","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Ledbetter E","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2007.00528.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis in dogs: 19 cases (1973\u20131985)","volume":"190","author":"Paulsen ME","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"A retrospective histopathologic study of primary episcleral & sclera inflammatory disease in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Deykin A","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Comp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2797-0.00007-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200002000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2000.00106.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Canine histiocytic diseases","volume":"30","author":"Coomer AR","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813510413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588902600606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Juvenile cellulitis in a puppy","volume":"44","author":"Hutchings SM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can Vet Journ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"Variant nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis in four dogs","volume":"29","author":"Dugan SJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.12649","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vop.12649","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.12649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T04:48:26Z","timestamp":1694321306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.12649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.12649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.12649","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-03-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}