{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:06:55Z","timestamp":1747188415114,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]],"date-time":"2019-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the historical, clinical, and diagnostic features of small animal patients affected by cactus\u2010induced keratoconjunctivitis and their response to therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three dogs and one cat.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ophthalmic examination directed subsequent selected diagnostic tests in each case including light microscopy of extracted foreign bodies, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), corneal histopathology, and corneal bacterial culture. Treatments consisted of foreign body surgical extraction with concurrent medical therapy (three cases), or medical therapy alone (one case).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical histories obtained supported acute cactus injury in all cases. Ophthalmic abnormalities were unilateral in each case and included ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis associated with linear, microscopic conjunctival and\/or corneal penetrating cactus spines, known as glochids. Light microscopy and IVCM showed glochids to be heavily barbed, consistent with the spine morphology Prickly Pear (<jats:italic>Opuntia<\/jats:italic>) cactus species. Bacterial culture yielded <jats:italic>Proprionicimonas<\/jats:italic> sp. in one case with keratomalacia. Surgical extraction of spines was challenging, and residual conjunctival and\/or corneal glochids were present in all cases. Patient discomfort resolved at a median of 21\u00a0days (range 10\u201051\u00a0days). Vision\u2010threatening complications were not observed in any case at the time of last follow\u2010up examination. Epithelial downgrowth, demonstrated by IVCM and histopathology, was present in one case at 108\u2010day follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cactus\u2010induced keratoconjunctivitis should be considered as a differential in regions in which <jats:italic>Opuntia<\/jats:italic> cacti are prevalent, and microscopic ocular foreign bodies are observed. Although glochids are difficult to extract, positive clinical outcomes can occur in small animal patients despite the presence of residual organic corneal foreign material.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1569215407000},"page":"374-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cactus\u2010induced keratoconjunctivitis in Texas: A case series of three dogs and one cat"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5309-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kourtney K.","family":"Dowler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9702-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin M.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro B. C.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucien V.","family":"Vallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&amp;M University College Station TX USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(88)90158-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.Plant of the week: Prickly Pear[Internet]. United States Department of Agriculture. 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