{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:39:26Z","timestamp":1790987966359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To characterize diagnostic findings, test\u2010retest repeatability, and correlations among lacrimal tests in dogs of diverse cephalic conformations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty healthy dogs (25 brachycephalic, 25 nonbrachycephalic).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A series of diagnostics were performed in each dog, allowing for a 10\u2010minute interval between tests and repeating each test 24\u00a0hours later under similar conditions: corneal tactile sensation (CTS), strip meniscometry test (SMT), phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), Schirmer tear test\u20101 without (STT\u20101) or with nasolacrimal stimulation (NL\u2010STT1), and Schirmer tear test\u20102 (STT\u20102).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD test values were lower in brachycephalic <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> nonbrachycephalic dogs (except for SMT; 7.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.0 mm\/5 seconds vs 7.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.4\u00a0mm\/5\u00a0seconds), with statistically significant differences noted for CTS (1.8\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5\u00a0cm vs 3.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.8\u00a0cm), PRTT (37.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.0\u00a0mm\/15\u00a0seconds vs 41.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.5\u00a0mm\/15\u00a0seconds), STT\u20101 (20.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4\u00a0mm\/min vs 23.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.7\u00a0mm\/min), STT\u20102 (13.0 \u00b1 3.4 mm\/min vs 16.9 \u00b1 3.9 mm\/min), and NL\u2010STT1 (23.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.6\u00a0mm\/min vs 27.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.4\u00a0mm\/min), and nonsignificant differences for EAPPTT (16.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.7\u00a0mm\/15\u00a0seconds vs 17.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.9\u00a0mm\/15\u00a0seconds). Nasolacrimal stimulation increased STT\u20101 values by 18% on average. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.70) except for a strong correlation between STT\u20101 and NL\u2010STT1 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.83, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Test reliability was good although test\u2010retest repeatability was generally poor to moderate, as depicted by low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.75) and wide 95% limits of agreement, except for CTS (ICC\u00a0=\u00a00.91).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal sensitivity and aqueous tear secretion are lower in brachycephalic dogs. A comprehensive assessment of the ocular surface requires the combination of several diagnostic tests. The nasolacrimal reflex may provide a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]],"date-time":"2020-03-12T12:22:42Z","timestamp":1584015762000},"page":"534-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Aqueous tear assessment in dogs: Impact of cephalic conformation, inter\u2010test correlations, and test\u2010retest repeatability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hellen","family":"Bolzanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5093-6841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianne P.","family":"Ori\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Claudia S.","family":"Raposo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Sebbag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Iowa State University Ames IA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01946264"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"The phenol red thread tear test in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Brown M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Comp Ophthalmol (USA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2001.00124.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.00998.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12664"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199711000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200404000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.4.426"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00660.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12436"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2019.24.5.240"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2008.00659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.39.12.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1965.00750050470003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60442-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"795","article-title":"A nonrandomized, open\u2010label study to evaluate the effect of nasal stimulation on tear production in subjects with dry eye disease","volume":"10","author":"Friedman NJ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"205511691774678","article-title":"Feline dry eye syndrome of presumed neurogenic origin: a case report","volume":"4","author":"Sebbag L","year":"2018","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2019.0038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","volume-title":"Miller's Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2018.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2011.00851.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","volume-title":"Correlation and Regression. 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