{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:38:46Z","timestamp":1774690726775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To present a novel case of perinatal bilateral exophthalmos and corneal ulcers in a neonate Antillean manatee and describe the medical treatment that led to the resolution of the observed clinical signs and vision restoration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>A manatee stranded alone in Puerto Rico on July 5, 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The manatee was found in critical condition with pronounced exophthalmos, lagophthalmos, and corneal opacification of both eyes (OU). Vision impairment was evident due to the lack of ocular menace reflex and bumping into the tank's walls. Biomicroscopy revealed conjunctival hyperemia and chemosis, limited third eyelid movement, but had viscous tears present OU. Dense, full\u2010thickness, white to cream\u2010colored cellular infiltrates affected 70% of the cornea with peripheral active vascularization OU. Rubeosis iridis was also present OU. Treatment consisted of supportive medical management, including nutritional support and topical treatment for ulcerative keratitis. Resolution of the corneal ulcers and functional vision were achieved after 6\u00a0weeks of therapy. Currently, bilateral, mild, intermittent exophthalmos is observed with no adverse clinical signs, and the calf is in good health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The extent of bilateral corneal disease on a neonatal calf may be a result of an intrauterine infection or possible trauma at or right after birth. While the latter may have led to exophthalmia and consequent corneal disease, the exact cause could not be determined. Supportive therapy and medical management of infectious keratitis were successful and led to vision recovery. This is the first report of ocular pathology in a neonatal manatee.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T17:49:55Z","timestamp":1647452995000},"page":"250-256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Medical management and resolution of perinatal bilateral exophthalmia and secondary corneal ulcers in an Antillean manatee (<i>Trichechus manatus manatus<\/i>) neonate from Puerto Rico"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-8797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lesly J.","family":"Cabrias\u2010Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dineli","family":"Bras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Especialistas Veterinarios de Puerto Rico  San Juan Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"de \u00c1ngel\u2010Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-469X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylma M.","family":"Escobar\u2010Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u2010Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez\u2010Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio L.","family":"Rivera\u2010Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9852-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla I.","family":"Rivera\u2010P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"},{"name":"Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine  Basseterre Saint Kitts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1443-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio A.","family":"Mignucci\u2010Giannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center Inter American University of Puerto Rico  Bayam\u00f3n Puerto Rico"},{"name":"Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine  Basseterre Saint Kitts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002679910015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvx079z0.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvx079z0.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"19451","article-title":"Biometric body condition indices of free\u2010ranging Antillean manatees: Is environmental variation driving phenotypic plasticity?","volume":"11","author":"Castelblanco\u2010Mart\u00ednez DN","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2015.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S98102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.USDA animal care: animal welfare act and animal welfare regulations.2017.https:\/\/www.aphis.usda.gov\/animal_welfare\/downloads\/AC_BlueBook_AWA_508_comp_version.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"757","volume-title":"CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine","author":"Gage LJ","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"4805","article-title":"Corneal angiogenesis in the Florida manatee","volume":"45","author":"Samuelson DA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"1044","volume-title":"Tratado de animais selvagens\u2010medicina veterin\u00e1ria","author":"Lazzarini SM","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Exophthalmos in children caused by vascular orbital neoformation","volume":"1","author":"Cotton JB","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Proptosis is a pediatric dilemma","volume":"3","author":"Altonbary Y","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Child Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2002.00236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0364-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12299"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-20.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12484"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.23.3631"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"SamuelsonDA McGeeJL MaciejewskiM StrobelM LewisPA.Description of uniquely devised extrinsic ocular musculature in the Florida manatee. Paper presented at: IAAAM 40th Annual Conference Proceedings May 2\u20106 2009; San Antonio TX."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588902600608"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00811.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.255.2.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S132851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2003.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200005000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"3757","article-title":"Efficacy and side\u2010effects of hypertonic sodium chloride ointment (5%) in the treatment of recurrent corneal erosions","volume":"5214","author":"Tsatsos M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"Kelleher DavisR SullivanDA.Protection of the ocular surface in marine mammals: The role of tear film. Paper presented at: IAAAM 39th Annual Conference Proceedings May 10\u201014 2008; Pomezia Italy."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","unstructured":"GageLJ.Overview of known and suspected causes of captive pinniped eye problems. Paper presented at: IAAAM 40thAnnual Conference Proceedings May 2\u20106 2009; San Antonio Texas."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","unstructured":"BernalJA L\u00f3pezC ColitzC Rodr\u00edguezG TorresR FigueroaA BraunR C\u00e1rdenasA OrtegaE CorderoC PhillipsW.Deep corneal ulcer treated with ozone saturated solution and direct ozone\/oxygen gas in two bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Paper presented at: IAAAM 47th Annual Conference Proceedings May 21\u201026 2016; Virginia Beach VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70455-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00351.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.12983","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vop.12983","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.12983","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T11:35:32Z","timestamp":1692876932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.12983"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.12983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.12983","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-03-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}