{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:08:12Z","timestamp":1790453292020,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In humans, idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) is a diagnosis attributed to benign, inflammatory orbital conditions without identifiable local or systemic cause. We describe the clinical signs, imaging and histopathological findings, management and outcome of four dogs diagnosed with IOI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicentric retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of four dogs (five orbits) of three different breeds (three cases were English Springer Spaniels [ESS] or ESS\u2010cross) and ages ranging from 3 to 12\u2009years were included. Initial presenting signs were unilateral and included exophthalmos, enophthalmos, globe deviation, thickening and protrusion of the third eyelid and conjunctival hyperemia. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging identified heterogeneous space\u2010occupying, contrast\u2010enhancing orbital lesions in all cases. Sparing of the retrobulbar space was detected in four of five orbits. Histopathology revealed mixed inflammatory infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes. Immunohistochemistry was performed in two cases highlighting the presence of histiocytes and lymphocytes, predominantly T cells. Resolution of clinical signs was achieved in two cases managed with oral immunosuppressant medication (corticosteroids alone or combined with cyclosporine or azathioprine), one went into spontaneous remission, one resolved with topical corticosteroids, and one underwent exenteration. Recurrence occurred in two cases within 15\u00a0months of initial diagnosis and required further immunosuppressant medication. One case developed signs in the contralateral orbit within 8\u00a0months of presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IOI is an uncommon condition in dogs. Its diagnosis relies on the combination of advanced imaging and histology. As in humans, it appears that spontaneous remission and recurrence may occur requiring long\u2010term immunosuppressant medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T10:45:55Z","timestamp":1655117155000},"page":"454-467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Canine idiopathic orbital inflammation: A case series of four affected dogs (five orbits)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1751-2710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referrals  Cambridgeshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Taeymans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referrals  Cambridgeshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Knott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rowe Referrals  Bradley Stoke UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Civello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytopath Ltd  Ledbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Wegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Vision  Cumbria UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service  West Midlands UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Andrew Clive","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dick White Referrals  Cambridgeshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Zur Diagnostik und Pathologie der Orbitaltumoren","volume":"32","author":"Birch\u2010Hirschfeld A","year":"1905","journal-title":"Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31828dea74"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1581"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/meajo.MEAJO_44_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0128-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.4.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)81996-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0b013e3181a07567"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v6.i4.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000309523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2011.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(82)34683-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200212000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(96)30663-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.137.5.957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198901000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/120.3.597"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.148.4.803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(93)31414-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2016.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00436.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810369900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000460349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03666.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470752487"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology, Volume 2","author":"Spiess B","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1986.01050150080032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00781.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"611","article-title":"Ophthalmic nodular fasciitis in the dog","volume":"170","author":"Gwin RM","year":"1977","journal-title":"JAVMA \u2010 J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813510413"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1966.00970050477006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000445974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.124156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2011.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2015.52407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15624"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15733"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00700-X"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.13003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vop.13003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.13003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T13:12:47Z","timestamp":1692623567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.13003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.13003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.13003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}