{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T14:51:08Z","timestamp":1774450268898,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the normal refractive state in horses in NCSU and ECMR and determine the prevalence of naturally occurring refractive errors and their association with breed, age, coat color, iris color, sex, and geographic location.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Horses from NCSU (January 2009\u2013November 2012) and ECMR (January 2013\u2013September 2016) underwent ophthalmic examination and streak retinoscopy. Location, color, breed, sex, and iris color were recorded. Gross and net refractive values for each meridian (horizontal and vertical), spherical refraction, astigmatism for both eyes, and anisometry were recorded, and statistical analyses were performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is excellent agreement in refraction between the eyes of the same horse (ICC\u00a0=\u00a00.89). The median net horizontal (H), vertical (V), and spherical refraction for the total population (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0690) were H: +0.25 D (min. \u22126.50 D, max. +2.34 D), V: +0.25 D (min. \u22127.13 D, max. +2.75D), and spherical: +0.25 D (min. \u22126.82 D, max. +2.17 D), all with interquartile ranges of \u22120.25 to 0.25 D. Emmetropia (&gt;\u22120.50 D and &lt;+0.50 D; &gt;\u22120.75 D and &lt;+0.75 D) was present in 769\/1380 eyes (55.7%) and 926\/1380 eyes (67.1%), respectively. Anisometropia was present in 86\/690 horses (12.5%). Sex, iris color, and location were significantly associated with refraction values, whereas age, breed, and coat color were not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most eyes evaluated are emmetropic, or shifted myopically, with excellent agreement between eyes of the same horse. Sex, iris color, and geographic location appear to impact refraction in horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Support<\/jats:title><jats:p>None.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T11:28:48Z","timestamp":1674559728000},"page":"297-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence, differences, and potential correlation to age, sex, breed, coat color, iris color, and geographic location in naturally occurring refractive errors in the normal equine eye from Germany and North Carolina"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5179-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Charnock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Keys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaleidoscope Statistics  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7771-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C.","family":"Gilger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-0883","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Richard J.","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"},{"name":"Equine Clinic Munich\u2010Riem  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"The refractive character of the eyes of mammals","volume":"11","author":"Lang W","year":"1886","journal-title":"R London Ophthal Hosp Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.22.3.148"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"445","article-title":"Retinoscopische Refraktiebepaling Big Het Paard","volume":"47","author":"Wouters L","year":"1978","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1894.0059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Ueber die Entstehung der Myopie bei Pferden","volume":"13","author":"Sustmann","year":"1912","journal-title":"Osterr Wochenschr Tierheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"FromagetN.Bull la Soc Cent Med Vet.1897;S600."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"340","article-title":"Considerations generales d'ophthalmoscopie normale et pathologique. 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