{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:52:53Z","timestamp":1788983573089,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Determine the precorneal retention time of five different ocular lubricants commonly used in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six healthy Beagle dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a012 eyes).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five ocular lubricants were studied: Artificial Tears Solution\u00ae (1.4% polyvinyl alcohol), I\u2010Drop\u00ae Vet Plus (0.25% hyaluronate), Optixcare\u00ae Eye Lube Plus (0.25% hyaluronate), Systane\u00ae Ultra (0.4% polyethylene glycol 400 and 0.3% propylene glycol), and Artificial Tears Ointment\u00ae (mineral oil\/white petrolatum). Each lubricant was mixed with 10% sodium fluorescein to achieve 1% fluorescein formulations. Following topical administration of 35\u2009mg in each eye, tear fluid was collected with capillary tubes at selected times (0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 180\u2009min) and fluorescein concentrations were measured with a computerized scanning ocular fluorophotometer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tear fluorescence was significantly greater with Artificial Tears Ointment\u00ae compared with other lubricant formulations from 1 to 20 min post\u2010administration. Median (range) precorneal retention times were significantly different among the 5 lubricants, ranging from 40\u2009minutes (20\u201390 min) for Artificial Tears Ointment\u00ae, 35 min (20\u201390 min) for Systane\u00ae Ultra, 30\u2009min (10\u201360 min) for I\u2010Drop\u00ae Vet Plus, 25 min (10\u201360 min) for Optixcare\u00ae Eye Lube Plus, and 10 min (10\u201320 min) for Artificial Tears Solution\u00ae. Precorneal retention time was significantly lower for Artificial Tears Solution\u00ae compared with the other 4 formulations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study established normative data for the retention time of common lubricants on the ocular surface of dogs, which may be used to guide clinicians with their choice of lubricant and frequency of administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T14:23:12Z","timestamp":1675779792000},"page":"81-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Precorneal retention time of ocular lubricants measured with fluorophotometry in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"L.","family":"Bedos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8048-7004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. A.","family":"Allbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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