{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T17:43:45Z","timestamp":1751305425679,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe entropion of the medial canthus results in ocular surface diseases and tear staining syndrome. However, detailed anatomical structures of the medial canthus and lacrimal ducts in dogs are poorly understood. We aimed to understand the anatomical structures of the medial canthus by analyzing the distances from the medial palpebral commissure to the superior lacrimal punctum (DSP) and to the inferior lacrimal punctum (DIP) and by histological examinations of the medial canthal anatomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs that underwent modified medial canthoplasty (MMC) between April 2017 and March 2021 were studied. As a reference, non\u2010brachycephalic dogs that underwent other surgeries were also examined. DSP and DIP were measured preoperatively in all dogs in both the non\u2010everted and everted positions. Histological examinations of the medial canthal anatomy were performed in four eyes isolated from beagles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ratios of DIP to DSP (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) at the non\u2010everted and everted positions in 242\u2009MMC eyes of 126 dogs were 2.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.46 and 1.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). The ratios of everted to non\u2010everted positions for DIP and DSP were 0.98\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21 and 1.93\u2009\u00b1\u20090.49, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01). Histological findings indicated that the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) circumjacent lacrimal canaliculus transformed into collagen fibers and were attached to the lacrimal bone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Histological studies revealed that the OOM circumjacent lacrimal canaliculus transformed into collagen fibers and these collagen fibers may be related to the difference between DSP and DIP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T12:40:00Z","timestamp":1677501600000},"page":"315-323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Novel findings on the anatomy of medial canthus in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1301-1126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiko","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Triangle Animal Eye Clinic  Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8223-2267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroko","family":"Iwashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Triangle Animal Eye Clinic  Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Bettenay S","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123827"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"988","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Sandmeyer LS","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0420435"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","article-title":"Application of modified medial canthoplasty (MMC) for canine Epiphora. Abstracts: 33rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Denver, CO, USA. October 9\u201313, 2002","volume":"5","author":"Saito A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","article-title":"The effect of modified medial canthoplasty on cases of corneal pigmentation in brachycephalic dog breeds. Abstracts: 33rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Denver, CO, USA. October 9\u201313, 2002","volume":"5","author":"Saito A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","article-title":"Observation of tear overflow and evaluation of effect of the modified medial canthoplasty (MMC) on epiphora eyes of dogs. Abstracts: 34th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Coeur D'Alene, ID, USA. October 22\u201325, 2003","volume":"6","author":"Saito A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","article-title":"Evaluation of effect of the modified medial canthoplasty (mmc) on corneal epitheliopathy of a Shih\u2010Tzu dog by the lacrimal flow observation. Abstracts: 35th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, Washington, DC, USA. October 21\u201323, 2004","volume":"7","author":"Saito A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"420","article-title":"Canine medial canthoplasty: new technique. Abstracts: 41st Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, San Diego, CA, USA. 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