{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:07:48Z","timestamp":1747188468450,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical features of dogs with <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> keratitis, including the results of in vivo confocal microscopy examinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 15\u2010year\u2010old, male\u2010castrated, miniature Schnauzer was presented with a multilobulated, cystic, pink, ulcerated corneal mass with surrounding dense leukocyte infiltrates. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified pyogranulomatous inflammation and filamentous bacteria. <jats:italic>Nocardia nova<\/jats:italic> was cultured from corneal samples. Anterior lamellar keratectomy was performed to excise the affected corneal region and histopathologic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of pyogranulomatous keratitis. A 10\u2010year\u2010old, male\u2010castrated, Yorkshire terrier was presented for evaluation of a chronic anterior stromal corneal ulcer associated with a brown corneal plaque. Cytologic evaluation of a corneal scraping identified suppurative inflammation and filamentous bacteria. A <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> sp. was cultured from corneal samples. The keratitis in both dogs resolved with therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vivo confocal microscopy examination of the corneal lesions in both dogs revealed dense accumulations of leukocytes and clusters of hyperreflective, slender, branching bacterial structures that were approximately 1.5\u20132.0\u00a0\u03bcm in diameter and 25\u201350\u2009\u03bcm in length. Confocal microscopy imaging of the <jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic> isolate in vitro, and ex vivo canine corneas experimentally infected with the bacteria, was performed to corroborate the in vivo findings. The morphology of the filamentous bacteria was similar between the in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo confocal microscopy examinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Nocardia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> spp. can be associated with infectious keratitis in dogs. In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria in the cornea can be accomplished by confocal microscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,25]],"date-time":"2023-02-25T11:59:41Z","timestamp":1677326381000},"page":"211-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Nocardia<\/i> and <i>Streptomyces<\/i> keratitis in dogs: In vivo detection of filamentous bacteria by confocal microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1894-8839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric C.","family":"Ledbetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Departments of Clinical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany 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