{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:07:54Z","timestamp":1747188474893,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assess the refractive states of donkeys and goats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010two donkeys and 28 goats were enrolled. The mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD ages were 7.68\u2009\u00b1\u20097.33\u2009years for donkeys and 4.26\u2009\u00b1\u20092.33\u2009years for goats. Seven donkeys and one goat were &lt;6\u2009months old. Retinoscopy was performed in alert animals, following cycloplegia in goats but not in donkeys. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test. The two primary meridians and two eyes were compared using Pearson's correlation and paired Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2013tests. The association between refractive states and age was examined using one\u2010way ANOVA in donkeys and a paired Student's <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test in goats. One\u2010sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests were conducted to assess if the refractive error distributions were significantly different from \u201c0\u201d.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD spherical equivalent (SE) refractive errors of the right and left donkey eyes were \u22120.80\u2009\u00b1\u20091.03 D and \u22120.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.95 D, respectively. The majority (86%) of the donkeys had an astigmatic refraction and eight (19%) had anisometropia. The mean SE refractive errors of the right and left goat eyes were \u22120.15\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 D and \u22120.18\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2 D, respectively. The majority (54%) of the goat eyes had an astigmatic refraction and five (18%) had anisometropia. The right and left eye SE refractive errors were positively correlated in both species (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.9). Age was not correlated with refractive error in both donkeys (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.09) and goats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.6).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both goats and donkeys are emmetropic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T07:10:58Z","timestamp":1688109058000},"page":"385-392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A retinoscopic survey of donkeys and goats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0460-8107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oren","family":"Pe'er","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot 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