{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:01:08Z","timestamp":1791223268538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019245","name":"Companion Animal Health Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["V320406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["V320406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D23CA\u2010510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D23CA\u2010510"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08EY028628"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08EY028628"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the relationship between nuclear sclerosis (NS) and refractive error in companion dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and eighteen companion dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs were examined and found to be free of significant ocular abnormalities aside from NS. NS was graded from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe) using a scale developed by the investigators. Manual refraction was performed. The effect of NS grade on refractive error was measured using a linear mixed effects analysis adjusted for age. The proportion of eyes with &gt;1.5 D myopia in each NS grade was evaluated using a chi\u2010square test. Visual impairment score (VIS) was obtained for a subset of dogs and compared against age, refractive error, and NS grade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age was strongly correlated with NS grade (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Age\u2010adjusted analysis of NS grade relative to refraction showed a mild but not statistically significant increase in myopia with increasing NS grade, with eyes with grade 3 NS averaging 0.58\u20130.88 D greater myopia than eyes without NS. However, the myopia of &gt;1.5 D was documented in 4\/58 (6.9%) eyes with grade 0 NS, 12\/91 (13.2%) eyes with grade 1 NS, 13\/57 (22.8%) eyes with grade 2 NS, and 7\/23 (30.4%) eyes with grade 3 NS. Risk of myopia &gt;1.5 D was significantly associated with increasing NS grade (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02). VIS was associated weakly with refractive error, moderately with age, and significantly with NS grade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>NS is associated with visual deficits in some dogs but is only weakly associated with myopia. More work is needed to characterize vision in aging dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T23:50:58Z","timestamp":1700610658000},"page":"70-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Quantifying refractive error in companion dogs with and without nuclear sclerosis: 229 eyes from 118 dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jenelle M.","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freya M.","family":"Mowat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline M.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Dr. Francis's current address is Animal Eye Clinic  Matthews North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2084-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Pumphrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University  North Grafton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52a.3.b171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061082"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-020-00086-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0195-5616(89)50008-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.02.0088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12091074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9219-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.19-0458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15837-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"RogersCM LillesandH ErsozC KopydlowskiA MowatFM.Subjective assessment of companion dog vision shows an age\u2010related decline. Presented at the 53rd Annual Conference of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"1317","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Leiva M","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Meekins JM","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.00317.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"1199","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Davidson MG","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.11.1586"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(89)80120-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Ophthalmology","author":"Howes FW","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Ophthalmology","author":"Wevill M","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3283414f36"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100153"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.71.6.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0886-3350(02)01700-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000310799"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Low vision and legal blindness terms and descriptions.American Foundation for the Blind. Accessed March 14 2023.https:\/\/www.afb.org\/blindness\u2010and\u2010low\u2010vision\/eye\u2010conditions\/low\u2010vision\u2010and\u2010legal\u2010blindness\u2010terms\u2010and\u2010descriptions"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2016.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.4.546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"SorensonCA KristensenAT StromAR.Ametropia as a cause of early takeoff in agility dogs. Presented at the 51st Annual Conference of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.2020(virtual due to COVID)."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Myopia and refractive error in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Murphy CJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.7.946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v10i1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12656"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.6.655"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.233.7.1096"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00853.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00853.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","unstructured":"GorigC Meyer\u2010LindenbergA NolteI.Myopia in dogs. Presented at the Joint Meeting of the British Association of Veterinary Ophthalmologists European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists European Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology and the International Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology Cambridge UK.2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-3143-AR2021-0092"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.10.1591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rvsc.1998.0246"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender","volume":"186","author":"Hart BL","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Behavioral profiles of dog breeds","volume":"186","author":"Hart BL","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-017-0051-7"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.13163","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T14:17:04Z","timestamp":1706624224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.13163"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.13163"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.13163","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}