{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1785766793610,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the chronic effects of oral cannabidiol (CBD) use on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), and concentration of CBD in tears of healthy dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen healthy research Beagles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a masked, placebo\u2010controlled, randomized prospective study. Eighteen dogs were randomly assigned to three groups (six dogs per group) based on daily dosage of oral MCT oil (placebo), CBD 5\u2009mg\/kg, and CBD 10\u2009mg\/kg. Schirmer tear test (STT\u20101) and IOP were measured twice daily (7\u2009am and 7\u2009pm) every 4\u2009weeks for 36\u2009weeks. Week 36 tears were collected and analyzed for CBD concentrations (ng\/mL) using liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry. A mixed linear model was used as the statistical method and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant differences were found between placebo vs. 5\u2009mg\/kg vs. 10\u2009mg\/kg for STT\u20101 or IOP (AM and PM). CBD was detected in 10 out of 11 (91%) viable tear samples receiving 5\u2009mg\/kg or 10\u2009mg\/kg dosages. One sample in the 5\u2009mg\/kg group had inadequate tear volume for analysis. The CBD concentration in tears was at or below the lower limit of quantification in placebo group, 4.12\u201311.2\u2009ng\/mL for the 5\u2009mg\/kg group, and 6.22\u2013152\u2009ng\/mL for the 10\u2009mg\/kg group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term administration of oral CBD in healthy research beagles demonstrates a favorable safety profile regarding ocular tolerability. Oral CBD administration does not appear to affect tear production or IOP over a 36\u2010week period. This is the first canine study positively identifying concentrations of CBD in tears following oral administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T11:59:13Z","timestamp":1701345553000},"page":"357-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Long\u2010term effect of oral cannabidiol administration to healthy adult dogs on tear production, intraocular pressure, and tear concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Haley E.","family":"Jost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado 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