{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:22:03Z","timestamp":1792725723125,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe a simple cryosurgical technique for treating canine distichiasis, its success rate and any associated complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical records from canine patients undergoing treatment for distichiasis using a specific cryotherapy technique were retrospectively reviewed. The technique employed a triple freeze\u2013thaw cycle via a transconjunctivally applied, liquid nitrogen\u2010cooled, 2\u2010mm diameter closed cryoprobe.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cryotherapy technique was employed in 125 dogs with distichiasis over a period of 13\u2009years, with 109 (87%) bilaterally and 16 (13%) unilaterally affected, totaling 234 eyes. The mean age at diagnosis was 1.9\u2009years (4\u2009months to 7.5\u2009years), with Staffordshire bull terriers the most common breed (31%). Treatment was deemed successful if clinical signs related to distichiasis resolved, including blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and excess lacrimation. A single triple\u2010freeze cryotherapy treatment eliminated distichiae in 195\/234 (83%) eyes at a mean follow\u2010up of 4\u2009months (2\u2009weeks to 10\u2009years). Minor recurrence of distichiae in previously treated regions was observed in 39\/234 (17%) eyes. Repeat cryotherapy was required in 25\/234 (11%) eyes, with the remaining eyes asymptomatic. The two most common postoperative complications were mild to moderate eyelid swelling in all eyes immediately following surgery and eyelid margin depigmentation in 59\/234 eyes (25%) between two and 4\u2009weeks postoperatively, both of which were temporary.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cryotherapy technique for treating canine distichiasis is relatively simple and safe to perform, has a high success rate and a low recorded complication rate, but would benefit from further assessment of any potential detrimental effects on qualitative tear film components.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T07:09:51Z","timestamp":1702192191000},"page":"218-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Canine distichiasis cryoepilation using a liquid nitrogen\u2010cooled, closed probe transconjunctival triple\u2010freeze technique: Outcomes in 125 dogs (234 eyes)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7745-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Verloop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Ophthalmic Referrals  Plympton South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Ophthalmic Referrals  Plympton South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"923","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Stades FC","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1973.tb06486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1973.tb06889.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1141_21"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"874","article-title":"Surgical management of canine f","volume":"150","author":"Haliwell W","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00531.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1984.tb03378.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"877","article-title":"Cryosurgical epilation for the treatment of distichiasis in the dog and cat","volume":"20","author":"Wheeler C","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12565"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.5.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(80)50041-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.1984.tb01146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis","volume":"74","author":"Sullivan JH","year":"1977","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.69.4.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010631008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.77.5.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1981.03930010462014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13047"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.13174","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T08:23:44Z","timestamp":1742199824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.13174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.13174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.13174","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}