{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:51:52Z","timestamp":1791352312338,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe ophthalmic findings in hospitalized canine and feline patients with tick paralysis (TP) and investigate possible predisposing factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010seven dogs and 28 cats hospitalized with TP assessed with an ophthalmic examination performed by an ABVO resident.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs and cats were hospitalized with TP from October 2021 to January 2022 and had an ophthalmic examination performed by an ABVO resident. Patient signalment data, information regarding tick number and location, hospitalization duration, medications used, and patient paralysis grades were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Corneal ulcers developed in up to 34.8% of dogs and up to 42.9% of cats hospitalized with TP. An absent palpebral reflex ipsilaterally increased the odds of a concurrent corneal ulcer being present by 14.7\u00d7 in dogs and 20.1\u00d7 in cats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001). Palpebral reflexes were absent in 38.3% of dogs and 35.7% of cats hospitalized with TP and were correlated with more severe gait paralysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01) and respiratory paralysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.005) in dogs, and respiratory paralysis in cats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.041). STT\u20101 findings &lt;10\u2009mm\/min were present in 27.7% of dogs and 57.1% of cats examined and were associated with increasing gait paralysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.017) and respiratory paralysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.007) in dogs, and increasing gait paralysis in cats (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.017).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simple corneal ulcers, loss of a complete palpebral reflex, and reduced STT\u20101 scores frequently occurred in dogs and cats hospitalized for TP. The frequency of these findings increased as the degree of patient paralysis increased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T04:40:24Z","timestamp":1710218424000},"page":"522-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ophthalmic findings associated with Australian tick paralysis (holocyclotoxicity) in hospitalized domestic dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2306-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. D.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic for Animals  Sydney New\u00a0South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. G.","family":"Nagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terrey Hills Animal Hospital  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northside Emergency Veterinary Service  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. J.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic for Animals  Sydney New\u00a0South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic for Animals  Sydney New\u00a0South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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