{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T02:08:56Z","timestamp":1783822136982,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare ocular surface parameters in dogs with different cephalic conformations and evaluate correlations among tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010eight privately owned dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study categorized canine eyes into three groups based on the craniofacial ratio (CFR): brachycephaly (\u22640.52), mesocephaly (&gt;0.52 to &lt;0.67), and dolichocephaly (\u22650.67). All eyes were examined using an ocular surface analyzer (OSA\u2010VET) to determine lipid layer thickness (LLT) of the tear film, tear meniscus height (TMH), non\u2010invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), and meibomian gland loss rate of the lower eyelids (MGLRL). Schirmer tear test 1 (STT\u20101) and tear film breakup time (TBUT) were also performed. Statistical analyses involved one\u2010way ANOVA, Kruskal\u2013Wallis <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic> test, post hoc Holm\u2013Sidak test, and Pearson correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>While STT\u20101 showed no significant difference among dog groups, brachycephalic dogs had significantly lower values in TBUT, NIBUT, and LLT, and a higher TMH, compared to mesocephalic and dolichocephalic dogs. Additionally, brachycephalic dogs exhibited a significantly higher MGLRL than dolichocephalic dogs. Correlations among tests were generally weak to moderate (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.6) except for a strong correlation between CFR and LLT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.641, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and between TBUT and NIBUT (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.899, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brachycephalic morphology predisposes dogs to a significantly thinner lipid layer and diminished tear film stability, likely due to factors such as impaired meibomian gland function and increased ocular exposure compared to other cephalic conformations, thereby increasing their risk of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). OSA\u2010VET shows a valuable tool to provide more comprehensive and precise diagnosis for canine ocular surface disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T02:36:05Z","timestamp":1721183765000},"page":"605-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigation of ocular surface parameters in dogs with different cephalic conformations using veterinary ocular surface analyzer (OSA\u2010VET)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6080-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan\u2010Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital  Taipei 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