{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:25:40Z","timestamp":1790904340031,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and effective contact time of four topical antiseptics\u2014polyhexanide, povidone\u2010iodine (PVP\u2010I), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and N\u2010acetylcysteine (NAC)\u2014against\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Pantoea agglomerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , a pathogen frequently isolated in equine ulcerative keratitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a 17\u2010month sampling period, clinical isolates were collected from horses with ulcerative keratitis. The most frequently isolated strain (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Pantoea agglomerans<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        , n\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914) was selected for in\u00a0vitro analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All isolates were used to determine the MBCs of the four antiseptics. Each was tested in triplicate at serial dilutions per isolate. Additionally, the requisite contact time for a bactericidal effect was evaluated at a supratherapeutic dilution for each substance with each isolate at defined time points ranging from 15\u2009s to 5\u2009min.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MBCs of polyhexanide, PVP\u2010I, HOCL, and NAC were 3.2\u2009ppm (0.00032%), 16\u2009ppm (0.0016%), 0.8\u2009ppm (0.00008%), and 3200\u2009ppm (0.32%), respectively. Polyhexanide (6.4\u2009ppm), PVP\u2010I (64\u2009ppm), and HOCL (6.4\u2009ppm) were effective within 15\u2009s. NAC (6400\u2009ppm) required 1\u20132\u2009min to achieve bactericidal effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All antiseptics tested demonstrated efficacy against\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>P. agglomerans<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Polyhexanide, PVP\u2010I, and HOCl achieved rapid bactericidal activity, while NAC required higher concentrations and longer exposure. These results support the use of these agents\u2014particularly the faster\u2010acting three\u2014as potential alternatives to antibiotics in treating equine ulcerative keratitis. They may aid the reduction of antibiotic use in line with the One Health approach.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T04:39:19Z","timestamp":1750826359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["<scp>Pantoea agglomerans<\/scp>\n                    in Equine Ulcerative Keratitis: Prevalence and Comparative Efficacy of Four Topical Antiseptics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6928-3772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"Heun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Mei\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann\u2010Kathrin","family":"Schieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LABOKLIN GmbH &amp; co. KG  Bad Kissingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ohnesorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animals, Department of Ophthalmology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Equine Ophthalmology","author":"Gilger B. 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Tier\u00e4rztliche Hochschule \u201d2003."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Die Rolle Gramnegativer Keime bei Infekti\u00f6sen Augenerkrankungen des Pferdes","volume":"39","author":"Schieder A. K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"292","article-title":"Studie zur Aktuellen Resistenzlage der okul\u00e4ren Mikroflora des Pferdes\u2013Geeignete Antibiotika zur Erstversorgung bei Konjunktivitis und Keratitis des Pferdes","volume":"37","author":"Schieder A. 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