{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:28:44Z","timestamp":1774848524010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report the first documented case of high\u2010grade optic chiasm and nerve oligodendroglioma in a young dog and contribute to the comparative study of gliomas in humans and canines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animal Studied<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 29\u2010month\u2010old male intact German Shepherd.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over 2\u2009months, the patient underwent repeated physical and ophthalmic examinations, systemic health assessments (complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, and infectious disease testing), anesthetized MRI, ultrasound\u2010guided biopsy of the left retrobulbar mass, and necropsy. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses, including OLIG2 and GFAP immunohistochemistry, were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI evaluation identified a large, lobulated, asymmetric mass with retrobulbar involvement and compression of the optic chiasm and optic nerves. The mass exhibited hyperintense signals on T2\u2010weighted and T2\u2010FLAIR sequences, mixed intensity on T1\u2010weighted imaging, and heterogeneous contrast enhancement, with areas of necrosis and meningeal enhancement suggestive of an aggressive neoplasm. Gross necropsy findings and histopathologic examination of post\u2010mortem tissues confirmed the diagnosis of a high\u2010grade oligodendroglioma, with tumor cells demonstrating marked nuclear atypia, high mitotic activity, and OLIG2 nuclear immunoreactivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tumor's localization and histological characteristics suggested a primary origin within the optic pathway, differing from typical canine oligodendrogliomas. This case emphasizes the rarity of canine optic pathway oligodendrogliomas, a diagnosis that is similarly uncommon in human medicine. Dogs have been proposed as an intermediate animal model for human gliomas, and this case underscores the need for further molecular characterization of canine gliomas to improve diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic strategies, and comparative oncology insights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T02:35:28Z","timestamp":1755916528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optic Chiasm and Bilateral Optic Nerve Oligodendroglioma in A 29\u2010Month\u2010Old German Shepherd"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7350-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vienna M.","family":"Lunking","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajdeep","family":"Multani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1087-2875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devin","family":"Fussell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LaTisha N.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Keenihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Meritet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5695-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail R.","family":"Armwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119181200.ch19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Histological Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System of Domestic Animals","author":"Koestner A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nly085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.40\u20105\u2010567"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"919","article-title":"Retinal Astrocytoma in a Dog","volume":"58","author":"Kuroki K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31533\/pubvet.v15n08a887.1\u20105"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"727","article-title":"Clinical Description With Magnetic Resonance Appearance of a High\u2010Grade Undefined Optic Nerve Glioma With Intracranial Extension","volume":"64","author":"Charnock L. 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