{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:33:40Z","timestamp":1774848820214,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1I1A1A01058695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A1A01058695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020696","name":"Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate responses to surgical interventions in concentrations of transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b22 (TGF\u2010\u03b22) and total protein (TP) in the aqueous humor (AH) of primary angle\u2010closure glaucoma (PACG) eyes, with and without Ahmed glaucoma valve surgery in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animal Studied<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen eyes diagnosed with PACG from client\u2010owned dogs and nine non\u2010glaucomatous eyes from both client\u2010owned dogs and research Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AH samples were collected and analyzed for TP and TGF\u2010\u03b22 via bicinchoninic acid assay and an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. The samples included AH from pre\u2010surgical eyes that had aqueous paracentesis for intraocular pressure (IOP) management (pre\u2010surgical group;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096) and from post\u2010surgical eyes when tissue plasminogen activator was injected (post\u2010surgery group;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097); fluid aspirated from blebs during surgical revision (bleb group;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096), and normal control AH samples from both client\u2010owned dogs undergoing ocular surgery for non\u2010glaucomatous conditions and research Beagles (control group;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TP and TGF\u2010\u03b22 concentrations were significantly higher in all PACG groups compared to normal AH (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Bleb fluid exhibited the highest TP and TGF\u2010\u03b22 concentrations among glaucomatous groups. Post\u2010surgical AH had significantly lower TGF\u2010\u03b22 concentrations than both pre\u2010surgical and bleb fluid (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0168,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0023, respectively). No significant correlation was found between IOP and either TP or TGF\u2010\u03b22 in any group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated TGF\u2010\u03b22 in PACG could contribute to disease progression and post\u2010surgical fibrosis. These findings support future studies to examine the potential of TGF\u2010\u03b22 modulation as a therapeutic approach to improving long\u2010term surgical outcomes following Ahmed glaucoma valve surgery in canine PACG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1759732882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Pilot Investigation of Transforming Growth Factor\u2010\u03b22 and Total Protein Concentrations in Aqueous Humor of Canine Glaucomatous Eyes With and Without Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1826-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songhui","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kangmoon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8017-0891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seonmi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Hendrix D. 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