{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:24:29Z","timestamp":1782516269700,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Encephalitozoon pogonae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a recently identified microsporidian species, has been associated with systemic infections in Central bearded dragons (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Pogona vitticeps<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) manifesting as granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis. Despite the species similarity to\n                      <jats:italic>Encephalitozoon cuniculi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which causes ocular, neurologic, and renal pathology in rabbits, ocular manifestations of\n                      <jats:italic>E. pogonae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in bearded dragons are underreported. This case report aims to explore the ocular manifestations of\n                      <jats:italic>E. pogonae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a clinical case and highlight the challenges in diagnosis and treatment of microsporidial infections in reptiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animal Studied<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 6\u2010month\u2010old male central bearded dragon with initial presentation of unilateral blepharoconjunctivitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The patient was treated with topical ofloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution, systemic nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatories (meloxicam), and antimicrobials (ceftazidime). Diagnostic efforts included physical and ophthalmic examination, ocular high\u2010frequency ultrasound (48 mHz transducer), cytological examination of conjunctiva, and histopathological examination with PCR analysis confirming\n                      <jats:italic>E. pogonae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in both liver and conjunctiva.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite treatment, the patient died from hemopericardium. Necropsy demonstrated severe granulomatous inflammation in multiple organs, including the liver, intestines, and ocular structures (conjunctiva and uveal tissue), as well as hypermature cataracts and phacoclastic uveitis, consistent with systemic microsporidiosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This case highlights the potential for an ocular manifestation of a systemic disease caused by\n                      <jats:italic>E. pogonae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , underscoring the importance of considering microsporidial infections in the differential diagnosis of refractory ocular disease in reptiles. The findings also emphasize the challenges in diagnosing and treating these infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T05:10:27Z","timestamp":1758085827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Ocular Manifestation of a Systemic Disease With\n                    <i>Encephalitozoon Pogonae<\/i>\n                    in a Juvenile Central Bearded Dragon (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Pogona vitticeps<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Raphtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Roeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Jimenez\u2010Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Meritet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ozawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-7790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michala","family":"de Linde Henriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.2.891\u2010899.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121486"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9110988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13060443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719834330"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5818\/JHMS\u2010S\u201020\u201000013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2020.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.10.0241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2017.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"2200","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Kern T. 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