{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:42:19Z","timestamp":1780076539934,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007250","name":"Mississippi State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine plasma concentrations of ophthalmic 0.1% (w\/v) diclofenac sodium and 0.5% (w\/v) ketorolac tromethamine following 4 times daily ophthalmic administration in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals Studied<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight healthy research Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A prospective, masked, randomized, crossover study was conducted. Eight dogs were randomly assigned to a diclofenac or ketorolac group (4 dogs per group). Plasma was collected before drug administration (time 0\/baseline). Each dog received 0.05\u2009mL, equivalent to one drop of diclofenac or ketorolac into both eyes 4 times daily for 5\u2009days (4\u2009am, 8\u2009am, 12\u2009pm, and 4\u2009pm). Plasma samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360\u2009min after the 4\u2009pm treatment on Days 1 and 5. Plasma concentrations (ng\/mL) were quantified by liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry and analyzed with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine statistical significance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After ophthalmic administration of 0.1% diclofenac, mean\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      occurred at 3.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009h, 121.4\u2009\u00b1\u20092.8\u2009h, 0.12\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. The mean\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      after 0.5% ketorolac administration were 18.5\u2009\u00b1\u200914.6\u2009h, 121.6\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u2009h, 1.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. The AUC\n                      <jats:sub>0\u2010\u221e<\/jats:sub>\n                      for diclofenac and ketorolac was 8.97\u2009\u00b1\u20093.73 \u03bcg\/mL*h and 98.2\u2009\u00b1\u200943.3 \u03bcg\/mL*h, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diclofenac and ketorolac were rapidly absorbed systemically after ophthalmic administration. The half\u2010life of topical ketorolac is six times longer than that of diclofenac.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T05:12:31Z","timestamp":1763010751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Topical 0.1% Diclofenac Sodium and 0.5% Ketorolac Tromethamine in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Peraza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vernon C.","family":"Langston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Cassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2169-8834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Betbeze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.1118"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Kirk N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.12.0707"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"A Comparison of Ketorolac With Flunixin, Butorphanol, and Oxymorphone in Controlling Postoperative Pain in Dogs","volume":"37","author":"Mathews K. 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