{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T07:23:05Z","timestamp":1787383385640,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate different laboratory procedures for determining the etiologic diagnosis of equine recurrent uveitis regarding intraocular infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and to establish a diagnostic guideline.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty horses with a history of ERU were ophthalmologically examined. Serum and aqueous humor were collected. Total protein, albumin level, and MAT against\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were evaluated on serum and aqueous humor. PCR for\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., EHV\u20101 and \u20104 was performed on aqueous humor. Goldmann\u2010Witmer coefficient (GWC) and C\u2010value (CC) were calculated based on MAT. In 42 cases, an additional ELISA was initiated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010six female and 34 male horses of different breeds (mean age 10.9\u2009years; range 3 to 31) were included. By MAT 56\/80 horses (70.0%) were identified seropositive for\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. MAT results were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in aqueous humor of 47\/80 (58.8%) patients. PCR tested 16\/80 (20.0%) positive, ELISA detected 13\/42 (31.0%) positive. Neither EHV\u20101 nor EHV\u20104 were detected by PCR. Calculating GWC gives evidence suggestive of intraocular involvement with\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in 53\/80 (66.3%) at the level \u2265\u20093. Setting GWC \u2265\u20093 as gold standard, ELISA and C \u2265\u20092 closely matched this threshold, showing high accuracy (95.2%; 91.3%), sensitivity (86.7%; 84.9%), and strong agreement (\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.90;\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.81). PCR was less accurate (53.8%) and sensitive (30.2%) compared to GWC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within this setting, GWC achieved the highest number of positive results for detecting intraocular involvement of\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. when compared to PCR, ELISA, and C\u2010value.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T12:20:21Z","timestamp":1768047621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Laboratory Techniques for the Diagnosis of Leptospira\u2010Associated Equine Recurrent Uveitis (\n                    <scp>ERU<\/scp>\n                    ) With Focus on the Goldmann\u2010Witmer Coefficient"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9949-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Kirmse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Services Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Praxis f\u00fcr Pferde Stefanie S\u00fc\u00df  Deinste Lower Saxony Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Thieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Seeburg  Dallgow\u2010D\u00f6beritz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus Georg","family":"Doherr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna Corinna","family":"Eule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Centre for Veterinary Clinical Services Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20010402"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","first-page":"369","volume-title":"Equine Ophthalmology","author":"Gilger B. 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