{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:28:59Z","timestamp":1790389739300,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of three sodium hyaluronate\u2013based artificial tear formulations on tear film osmolality (TFO) in brachycephalic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty healthy brachycephalic dogs were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Procedure(s)<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TFO was measured using the I\u2010PEN VET osmometry system. Dogs were assigned to four groups. Dogs in Groups 1, 2, and 3 received one drop of artificial tear containing 0.4% sodium hyaluronate, artificial tear containing 0.9\u2009mg sodium hyaluronate and vitamin B12 in 0.5\u2009mL, and artificial tear containing 1.6\u2009mg hyaluronate in 0.5\u2009mL, respectively. Dogs in Group 4 served as controls and received one drop of sterile water for injection. Tear osmolality was measured 10\u2009min after instillation of the eye drop. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean (SD) TFO at the initial examination was 307.4 (35.8), 299.4 (12.0), 318.2 (34.3), 307.2 (12.0) mOsm\/L in Groups 1\u20134, respectively. Ten minutes after instillation of artificial tears, TFO was decreased by 53.4\u2009mOsm\/L (17.3%), 17.6\u2009mOsm\/L (5.8%), 31.8\u2009mOsm\/L (9.9%) and 3.4\u2009mOsm\/L (1.1%), respectively. Significant decreases were observed in Groups 1\u20133 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016, 0.021, 0.038). Intergroup comparison revealed significant differences in mean TFO between Groups 1 and 4 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated a significant immediate reduction of TFO with HA containing artificial tears in brachycephalic dogs. Artificial tears containing 2\u2009mg of sodium hyaluronate in 0.5\u2009mL (0.4%) had the most significant effect. Further studies are warranted in a large group of dogs with dry eye disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:40:21Z","timestamp":1775738421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immediate Effect of Three Artificial Tear Formulations on Tear Film Osmolality in Brachycephalic Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Houman","family":"Faghihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Negah Animal Eye Clinic  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5065-8025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed mehdi","family":"Rajaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negah Animal Eye Clinic  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2590(05)10002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12436"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12798"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2016.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620\u2010021\u201000183\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.20.07.0388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00056.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2013.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc\u20102012\u20100001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0000000000000284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.S77091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620\u2010023\u201000259\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/460437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052383"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201035965\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.86.8.879"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444\u20100938.2011.00634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2022.2051697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000084"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31829b21d1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000003493"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13140"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Measurement of Tear Osmolarity in the Canine Eye: A New Diagnostic Tool for Canine Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca?","volume":"3","author":"Williams D. 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